{"id":10363,"date":"2020-03-27T08:05:31","date_gmt":"2020-03-27T14:05:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\/knowledge\/?p=10363"},"modified":"2020-05-01T08:40:15","modified_gmt":"2020-05-01T14:40:15","slug":"pc-titanium-dioxide-the-misunderstood-pigment","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/10363\/pc-titanium-dioxide-the-misunderstood-pigment\/","title":{"rendered":"Titanium Dioxide: The Misunderstood Pigment"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-9681\" src=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/media\/2019\/07\/titanium-dioxide-iStock-1156878094-600x400.jpg\" alt=\"titanium dioxide powder - learn about the efficient use of TiO2 Pigment\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/titanium-dioxide-iStock-1156878094-600x400.jpg 600w, https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/titanium-dioxide-iStock-1156878094-600x400-300x200.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/>When last we visited this topic in 2015 through UL Prospector Knowledge Center<a href=\"#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[i]<\/a>, titanium dioxide was addressed as a pigment very well characterized and notably, the most important hiding pigment for paint. It was also an introductory article, and it was to educate anyone who wanted a general overview of the pigment. It explained that with nano TiO<sub>2<\/sub>, due to its ability for self-cleaning, TIO<sub>2<\/sub>\u00a0 was finding use in applications in high-rise buildings for windows. In the last few years, it has been the target of regulation and formulation. Before we address the new topics, some review of the pigment.<\/p>\n<p>Titanium dioxide, is also known as titanium (IV) and is the naturally occurring oxide of titanium, chemical formula TiO<sub>2<\/sub>; CI 77891. It has many uses outside of paint, which include food, paper coatings, plastics, cosmetics, printing inks \u00a0and others. It is also used in cosmetics, food and feedstuff, textiles, rubber and pharmaceuticals. It is primarily obtained from ilmenite, rutile and anatase, but also occurs as brookite<\/p>\n<p>There are two main processes for TiO<sub>2<\/sub>: In 1916, the Titanium Pigment Corporation of Niagara Falls, New York and the Titan A\/S, of Norway simultaneously began commercial TiO2 production with Sulfate Process.\u00a0 In 1951 DuPont introduced the Chloride Process.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_10445\" class=\"thumbnail wp-caption alignright\" style=\"width: 186px\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-10445 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/media\/2020\/03\/Rutile.jpg\" alt=\"chemical depiction of Rutile - Learn more about titanium dioxide\" width=\"186\" height=\"132\" \/><figcaption class=\"caption wp-caption-text\">Rutile<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2>European Union Regulations &#8211; February 2020<\/h2>\n<p>The European Union has published the regulation to classify titanium dioxide as a suspected carcinogen by inhalation. The European Chemicals Agency\u2019s Committee for Risk Assessment (RAC) announced June 9, 2017, which TiO2, a substance commonly used in paints, construction materials and other industrial and consumer goods, meets the criteria to be classified as a suspected cause of cancer via inhalation, under Category 2. It will be enforced after more than a year of a transition period.<\/p>\n<p>This followed another European country that recommended cancer labeling for TiO<sub>2<\/sub>. At the time, French regulators argued that the substance is likely a Category 1B carcinogen, meaning it is known to cause cancer in humans. The French regulatory body ANSES sought \u201charmonized classification\u201d for the substance across the entire EU.<\/p>\n<p>Many in the coatings industry, including the American Coatings Association, oppose the measure. The ACA issued a statement following the RAC\u2019s 2017 announcement asserting that the recommendation is unfounded. \u00a0\u201cThere is considerable industry concern that the basis for the opinion is flawed and does not inform on risk to humans,\u201d the statement read. \u201cIt is important to consider that the risks profiled are not attributable formulated products, like paint, where TiO<sub>2 <\/sub>dust is embedded in the mixture.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>The ACA has repeatedly expressed concerns that all paint products containing the substance could be labeled as carcinogens under the EU\u2019s classification system. The Titanium Dioxide Manufacturers Association, which represents the TiO<sub>2<\/sub> industry, has also previously issued a statement expressing its disappointment in the recommendation. As previously noted, TiO<sub>2<\/sub> is used in the food industry, along with powdered sugar in doughnuts and a multitude of other applications. Although Dunkin\u2019 Donuts decided to eliminate the use of powdered TiO<sub>2<\/sub>, was it really harmful?<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-10383\" src=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/media\/2020\/03\/doughnut.jpg\" alt=\"photo of an iced doughnut - Learn more about titanium dioxide\" width=\"375\" height=\"285\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/doughnut.jpg 403w, https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/doughnut-300x228.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 375px) 100vw, 375px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>In the past 20 years, nanomaterials have found greater utilization in many applications. This has been true also for TiO2, where the very small particles are very useful in cosmetics as well as catalytic self-cleaning. In cosmetics, the move away from organic ultraviolet absorbers has led to the use of nano-sized zinc oxide (ZnO) and TiO2. Both are highly effective in absorbing UV-sunlight.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThe scientific evidence is clear: There are no grounds for classifying TiO2 as carcinogenic for humans by inhalation,\u201d said Robert Bird, chairman of the TDMA. \u201cAlso, classification would do nothing to increase the level of protection of human health and the environment, which is the whole point of the labelling and classification system.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>The REACH Committee of the European Commission met several times to discuss the matter last year, without coming to a majority decision, which put the assessment in the hands of the Commission now in the fall. The EU executive\u2019s 18 July comments to the WTO come in response to US concerns that the proposed requirements &#8220;may be unnecessarily disruptive to billions of dollars in US-EU trade&#8221;.<\/p>\n<p>The Commission said while substances classified as category 1 carcinogens have the &#8220;most significant consequences&#8221; such as bans, those listed as category 2 face &#8220;no such significant direct consequences&#8221;. It added that there would be &#8220;no or minor consequences&#8221; with regard to legislation on plant protection products, biocidal products, food additives, contaminants, water and pharmaceuticals.<\/p>\n<p>Regarding other legislation, the use of titanium dioxide could continue under certain conditions, such as: an authorization being granted;\u00a0 an exemption; or demonstration of safe use. This, the Commission said, would be the case for plastic food contact materials, toys, cosmetics and the EU Ecolabel.<\/p>\n<p>And it confirmed that only the respirable particles of titanium dioxide \u2013 with a diameter smaller than 10\u00b5m \u2013 will be classified as a suspected carcinogen. It also proposed to introduce a note to limit the classification of mixtures to those placed on the market in powder form with a diameter smaller than 10\u00b5m if they contain 1% or more of such particles. Liquid mixtures (for example, paints) as well as solid mixtures will not have to be classified, it said.<\/p>\n<p>For such non-classified mixtures, the Commission is proposing the addition of the following sentence on the label: \u2018Warning! Hazardous respirable droplets\/dust may be formed when sprayed\/used. Do not breathe spay or mist\/dust.\u2019<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>Need help finding titanium dioxide?<\/h2>\n<p>Prospector can help speed along your research with technical datasheets and access to global equipment suppliers.<\/p>\n<h3><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\/en\/na\/Coatings\/search?k=titanium+dioxide&amp;st=31\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Search coatings here<\/a><\/h3>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>Applications<\/h2>\n<p>As stated previously, there are many applications of TiO<sub>2<\/sub>, but paint is by far the largest (<strong>Figure 1<\/strong>).<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_10442\" class=\"thumbnail wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"width: 600px\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-10442 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/media\/2020\/03\/GobalUsagesOfTiO2.png\" alt=\"Global usages of TiO2 - Learn more about titanium dioxide\" width=\"600\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/GobalUsagesOfTiO2.png 600w, https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/GobalUsagesOfTiO2-300x150.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><figcaption class=\"caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 1. Global usages of TiO2.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Of all white hiding pigments, titanium dioxide, and specifically rutile, affords the best opacity\/hiding (<strong>Figure 2<\/strong>).<\/p>\n<p><figure id=\"attachment_5193\" class=\"thumbnail wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"width: 375px\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-5193\" src=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/media\/2016\/09\/marc-fig5.png\" alt=\"Figure 5. Refractive index correlates to opacity\" width=\"375\" height=\"187\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/marc-fig5.png 375w, https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/marc-fig5-300x150.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 375px) 100vw, 375px\" \/><figcaption class=\"caption wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 2. Refractive index correlates to opacity<a href=\"#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[iv]<\/a><\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>The refractive index (RI) of air is 1.00. The greater the difference between a pigment and RI of air, the greater is the opacity and therefore hiding of the pigment. There are other paint opacifying technologies that leverage this optical effect as well.<\/p>\n<table border=\"1\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"122\"><strong>CAS 13463-67-7<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"73\"><strong>Rutile<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"78\"><strong>Anatase<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"72\"><strong>Brookite<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"122\">Refractive Index<\/td>\n<td width=\"73\">2.73<\/td>\n<td width=\"78\">2.55<\/td>\n<td width=\"72\">2.58<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"122\">Density, g\/cm<sup>3<\/sup><\/td>\n<td width=\"73\">4.23<\/td>\n<td width=\"78\">3.78<\/td>\n<td width=\"72\">4.11<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>TiO<sub>2<\/sub> does possess the highest opacity of paint pigments, but it is a relatively expensive pigment. \u201cSpacers\u201d are used in paint, so that the TiO<sub>2<\/sub> pigment particles are less agglomerated and are more readily amenable to optimum hiding.<\/p>\n<p>As mentioned previously, nano-TiO<sub>2<\/sub> has also found utilization in the remediation of pollutants and deposited materials, on skyscraper windows and other structures not easily accessed. The market for photocatalyst is depicted in <strong>Figure 3<\/strong>, while the schematic\u00a0 in <strong>Figure 4<\/strong> represents what occurs.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_10444\" class=\"thumbnail wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"width: 600px\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-10444 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/media\/2020\/03\/PhotoCatalystMarketByRevenue.png\" alt=\"Chart of photocatalyst market by revenue - Learn more about titanium dioxide\" width=\"600\" height=\"295\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/PhotoCatalystMarketByRevenue.png 600w, https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/PhotoCatalystMarketByRevenue-300x148.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><figcaption class=\"caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 3. Photocatalyst market by revenue<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_10443\" class=\"thumbnail wp-caption alignright\" style=\"width: 360px\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-10443\" src=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/media\/2020\/03\/PhotoCatalysisUsingTiO2.jpg\" alt=\"depiction of photcatalysis using TiO2 - Learn more about titanium dioxide\" width=\"360\" height=\"260\" \/><figcaption class=\"caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 4. Photocatalysis using TiO2<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>It will be curious to see what regulations eventually occur that may affect how paint is made. Eliminating titanium dioxide as an ingredient could have devastating effects.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[i]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/5187\/pc-titanium-dioxide-introduction\/?utm_source=strongmail&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_campaign=NewTrendTuesdayeNewsletter\">https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/5187\/pc-titanium-dioxide-introduction\/<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[ii]<\/a> <a href=\"http:\/\/ricochetscience.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">ricochetscience.com<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[iii]<\/a> <a href=\"http:\/\/Grandviewresearch.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Grandviewresearch.com<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[iv]<\/a> <a href=\"http:\/\/Blog.agchemigroup.eu\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Blog.agchemigroup.eu<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>When last we visited this topic in 2015 through UL Prospector Knowledge Center[i], titanium dioxide was addressed as a pigment very well characterized and notably, the most important hiding pigment for paint. It was also an introductory article, and it &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/10363\/pc-titanium-dioxide-the-misunderstood-pigment\/\">Continued<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":26,"featured_media":9681,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"episode_type":"","audio_file":"","podmotor_file_id":"","podmotor_episode_id":"","cover_image":"","cover_image_id":"","duration":"","filesize":"","filesize_raw":"","date_recorded":"","explicit":"","block":"","itunes_episode_number":"","itunes_title":"","itunes_season_number":"","itunes_episode_type":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[16],"tags":[],"ppma_author":[1242],"class_list":{"0":"post-10363","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-paint-coatings","8":"entry"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Titanium Dioxide: The Misunderstood Pigment<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Titanium dioxide was a pigment noted as the most important hiding pigment for paint. 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In his career, he has formulated architectural, industrial, military and specialty coatings. He has also worked with and formulated adhesives, inks, and construction products and in general is a material science generalist. He has a keen interest in Sustainable and Bio-based paints, inks, adhesives and elastomers. He was a Developmental Scientist in the Advanced Materials group at Luna Labs 2004-2008, formulating military coatings and adhesives. Previously, he was at Dow Chemical (1999-2004) as the applications and development manager in Core R&amp;D in the Coatings &amp; Functional Polymers Group. He also managed the TS&amp;D group for coatings while at Dow Chemical (1995-99) and held positions at Rhodia (Laboratory Manager, Latex &amp; Specialty Polymers (1989-95)) and was the Development Chemist, exterior latex paints at Benjamin Moore &amp; Co. (1979-89). Mr. Hirsch has served in a consultancy capacity as a Director with the ChemQuest group, (chemquest.com) June 2021-March 2025 at OmniTech (omnitechintl.com) (2015-2022) for soy-based adhesives and coatings, Daikin America (daikin-america.com) (2011-2015) fluoropolymers and materials, and also with organizations that provide formal mentoring (TORCH 2018-present), coaching and leadership training, as well as the facilitation of problem-solving teams. He has several granted patents, many patent applications and internal disclosures for trade secrets. Connect with Marc on LinkedIn...\",\"sameAs\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/ulprospector.ul.com\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.linkedin.com\\\/in\\\/marchirsch\\\/\"],\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ulprospector.ul.com\\\/author\\\/marc-hirsch\\\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Titanium Dioxide: The Misunderstood Pigment","description":"Titanium dioxide was a pigment noted as the most important hiding pigment for paint. 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In his career, he has formulated architectural, industrial, military and specialty coatings. He has also worked with and formulated adhesives, inks, and construction products and in general is a material science generalist. He has a keen interest in Sustainable and Bio-based paints, inks, adhesives and elastomers. He was a Developmental Scientist in the Advanced Materials group at Luna Labs 2004-2008, formulating military coatings and adhesives. Previously, he was at Dow Chemical (1999-2004) as the applications and development manager in Core R&amp;D in the Coatings &amp; Functional Polymers Group. He also managed the TS&amp;D group for coatings while at Dow Chemical (1995-99) and held positions at Rhodia (Laboratory Manager, Latex &amp; Specialty Polymers (1989-95)) and was the Development Chemist, exterior latex paints at Benjamin Moore &amp; Co. (1979-89). Mr. Hirsch has served in a consultancy capacity as a Director with the ChemQuest group, (chemquest.com) June 2021-March 2025 at OmniTech (omnitechintl.com) (2015-2022) for soy-based adhesives and coatings, Daikin America (daikin-america.com) (2011-2015) fluoropolymers and materials, and also with organizations that provide formal mentoring (TORCH 2018-present), coaching and leadership training, as well as the facilitation of problem-solving teams. He has several granted patents, many patent applications and internal disclosures for trade secrets. Connect with Marc on LinkedIn...","sameAs":["https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com","https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/marchirsch\/"],"url":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/author\/marc-hirsch\/"}]}},"authors":[{"term_id":1242,"user_id":26,"is_guest":0,"slug":"marc-hirsch","display_name":"Marc Hirsch","avatar_url":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/IMG_1016-scaled.jpg","0":null,"1":"","2":"","3":"","4":"","5":"","6":"","7":"","8":""}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10363","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/26"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10363"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10363\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/9681"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10363"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=10363"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=10363"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ppma_author?post=10363"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}