{"id":10385,"date":"2020-04-03T08:05:36","date_gmt":"2020-04-03T14:05:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\/knowledge\/?p=10385"},"modified":"2023-06-21T07:34:18","modified_gmt":"2023-06-21T13:34:18","slug":"pcc-hair-pigmentation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/10385\/pcc-hair-pigmentation\/","title":{"rendered":"Hair Pigmentation and Melanogenesis"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-10388\" src=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/media\/2020\/04\/haircolor-iStock-1089535452-600x400-1.jpg\" alt=\"photo of different hair pigments - learn more about hair pigmentation\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/haircolor-iStock-1089535452-600x400-1.jpg 600w, https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/haircolor-iStock-1089535452-600x400-1-300x200.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/>All human pigmentation is controlled by a process called Melanogenesis in which Melanocyte cells produce Melanin, a pigment that provides color to skin, eyes, and hair (1). Melanin production occurs in the hair bulb and during the hair growth phase is transferred into cortical keratinocytes resulting in pigmentation of the entire hair shaft. Melanin only represents 1% of the composition of hair and exists as two types of pigments, Eumelanin (dark) and Pheomelanin (light).<\/p>\n<h2>Eumelanin and Pheomelanin<\/h2>\n<p>Combinations of these two types of Melanin are responsible for all the different hair colors seen in humans. All Melanin is formed from the enzymatic conversion of Tyrosine by Tyrosinase to form insoluble polymeric pigments. Pheomelanin varies in color from yellow to red and differs from Eumelanin mainly due to the presence of Cysteine, a Sulphur containing amino acid. Our natural hair color is entirely dependent on the type, amount, and distribution of Melanin in the cortex of our hair (the middle layer of the hair shaft). Melanin levels can vary over time causing hair color to change, and it is even possible to have hair follicles of more than one color on the same person. All-natural hair color can be classified as brown, blond, black, red, or white. Grey, and light blond hair colors are all shades of brown. Eumelanin occurs in the form of a small spherical granules having a color varying between brown-red and black. There are two distinct types of Eumelanin, black and brown. Generally, the more Eumelanin that is present, the darker is the color of hair, less Eumelanin results in lighter hair (2).<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Brown hair is characterized by higher levels of brown\/black Eumelanin and lower levels of Pheomelanin.<\/li>\n<li>Blonde hair ranges from nearly white (platinum blonde) to a dark golden blonde.<\/li>\n<li>Black hair is the darkest hair color and has the largest amount of black Eumelanin.<\/li>\n<li>Red hair ranges from light strawberry blond shades to titian, copper, and completely red. Red hair has the highest amounts of Pheomelanin.<\/li>\n<li>Gray hair is caused by a reduced amount of pigmentation and Melanin.<\/li>\n<li>White hair is due to an absence of any pigmentation and Melanin<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Hair graying<\/h2>\n<p>Hair graying in Caucasians begins at approximately 25 years of age and increases with age to the point that by age 49 about 50% of the population has 50% gray hair. The incidence and rate of graying is similar in males and females. The onset gray hair for Caucasians generally occurs in the mid-30s, Asians the late 30s, and for those of African descent the mid-40s. Premature hair graying occurs before the age of 20 in whites, 25 in Asians, and 30 in Africans (3). Graying is caused by a gradual decrease in Melanocyte activity and a decrease in Tyrosinase activity in the hair follicle. Hair graying is closely correlated to chronological age, and its onset is largely controlled by genetics. Other factors contributing to gray hair include stress, diet, and smoking. A group of researchers at Harvard University discovered that stress can even cause gray hair by activating nerves that are part of the fight-or-flight response, which in turn causes permanent damage to pigment-regenerating stem cells in hair follicles (4). Smokers also experience hair graying three years before non-smokers and were two and half times more prone to developing premature gray hair (5).<\/p>\n<h2>The effects of Hydrogen Peroxide<\/h2>\n<p>Hydrogen peroxide, occurring naturally in hair follicles, may contribute to hair graying by inactivating Tyrosinase which is needed to form Melanin. As we get older, Hydrogen Peroxide accumulates due to a loss of Catalase activity which normally helps decompose Hydrogen Peroxide. In a poster presented at the 2014 ISFCC meeting, subjects with premature hair graying demonstrated a 45% reduction catalase activity vs a control group (6). Catalase is a key enzyme of Hydrogen peroxide degradation and a regulator of the oxidative stress. Hair follicles may also not be able to repair the damage caused by excess Hydrogen Peroxide due to low levels of Methionine Sulfoxide Reductase enzymes (MSR A and B), which are inactivated by Hydrogen peroxide. It has been suggested that the inhibition of Tyrosinase activity by Hydrogen Peroxide may be prevented by topical treatment with L-Methionine (7). Another approach to eliminating gray hair may be to activate the Wnt pathway. Scientists at New York University&#8217;s Langone Medical Center isolated the Wnt protein, which causes the proliferation of melanocyte and stem cells involved in the earliest stage of skin and hair pigmentation. When the researchers inhibited the Wnt pathway in black mice, they turned gray (8).<\/p>\n<h2>Actives claimed to help repigment hair<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Greyverse (Glycerin (and) Water (and) Palmitoyl Tetrapeptide 20-Lucas Meyer) is a biomimetic peptide of Melanin Stimulating Hormone that stimulates Melanin synthesis and promotes Melanin transfer from melanocytes to keratinocytes. Also claims to increase catalase activity and reduces excess Hydrogen Peroxide. In a 3 month clinical, the intensity of hair greyness was reduced by 30% versus at day zero (9).<\/li>\n<li>Darkenyl (Taxifolin Glucoside and Acetyl Tyrosinase-Givaudan Active Beauty) claims to protect hair follicles from oxidation, stimulate hair follicle stem cells to create new melanocytes, and activate melanogenesis to increase melanin production. In a 4 month double blind placebo-controlled study, 1% Darkenyl was shown to significantly decrease the proportion of white hair by an average of -17% versus day 0 (10).<\/li>\n<li>Chromafend Biofunctional (Aqua (and) Glycerin (and) Hydrolyzed Linseed Extract-Ashland) is a flax extract claimed to maintain Melanin in the hair follicle. It also targets specific protein markers that help control Melanin synthesis.<\/li>\n<li>EUK-134 (Ethylbisiminomethylguaiacol Manganese Chloride-Lucas Meyer Cosmetics) is a biomimetic of two natural skin enzymes, Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) and Catalase. EUK-134 may be useful in reducing excess Hydrogen Peroxide.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>Looking for products for use in cosmetic formulations?<\/h3>\n<p>Prospector can help you find the products you need for your next formulation. Find technical data, request samples, and connect with global suppliers in just a few clicks.<br \/>\nSearch for ingredients on Prospector.<\/p>\n<h3><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\/en\/na\/PersonalCare\/?st=31\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Search for ingredients on Prospector<\/a><\/h3>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>References<\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Melanocyte\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Melanocyte<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Human_hair_color\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Human_hair_color<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1111\/jocd.13000\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1111\/jocd.13000<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nih.gov\/news-events\/nih-research-matters\/how-stress-causes-gray-hair\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">https:\/\/www.nih.gov\/news-events\/nih-research-matters\/how-stress-causes-gray-hair<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3673399\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3673399\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li>IFSCC Poster Paris 2014<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/19237503\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/19237503<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.newsweek.com\/cure-gray-hair-vitiligo-mice-454087\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">https:\/\/www.newsweek.com\/cure-gray-hair-vitiligo-mice-454087<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\/documents\/1566726.pdf?bs=4501&amp;b=977220&amp;st=1&amp;r=na&amp;ind=personalcare\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">https:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\/documents\/1566726.pdf?bs=4501&amp;b=977220&amp;st=1&amp;r=na&amp;ind=personalcare<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\/documents\/1590911.pdf?bs=829&amp;b=1310602&amp;st=1&amp;r=na&amp;ind=personalcare\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">https:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\/documents\/1590911.pdf?bs=829&amp;b=1310602&amp;st=1&amp;r=na&amp;ind=personalcare<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\/documents\/1044843.pdf?bs=4501&amp;b=124740&amp;st=1&amp;sl=88963864&amp;crit=a2V5d29yZDpbRVVLLTEzNF0%3d&amp;k=EUK-134&amp;r=na&amp;ind=personalcare\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">https:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\/documents\/1044843.pdf?bs=4501&amp;b=124740&amp;st=1&amp;sl=88963864&amp;crit=a2V5d29yZDpbRVVLLTEzNF0%3d&amp;k=EUK-134&amp;r=na&amp;ind=personalcare<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>All human pigmentation is controlled by a process called Melanogenesis in which Melanocyte cells produce Melanin, a pigment that provides color to skin, eyes, and hair (1). Melanin production occurs in the hair bulb and during the hair growth phase &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/10385\/pcc-hair-pigmentation\/\">Continued<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":10388,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"episode_type":"","audio_file":"","podmotor_file_id":"","podmotor_episode_id":"","cover_image":"","cover_image_id":"","duration":"","filesize":"","filesize_raw":"","date_recorded":"","explicit":"","block":"","itunes_episode_number":"","itunes_title":"","itunes_season_number":"","itunes_episode_type":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[],"ppma_author":[1251],"class_list":{"0":"post-10385","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-personal-care-cosmetics-cleaners","8":"entry"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Hair Pigmentation and Melanogenesis - Prospector Knowledge Center<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Human pigmentation is controlled by Melanogensis. 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His rich professional background in innovative product development, research, material science and exploratory formulation, as well as a passion for developing products that make people\u2019s lives more comfortable and happy, inform the articles he writes for Knowledge.ULProspector.com. In addition to lending his industry expertise to Prospector, George consults with personal care and cosmetics suppliers. He founded his consulting practice, Deckner Consulting Services, after retiring from Procter &amp; Gamble in 2013, where he was a Victor Miles Research Fellow. While at Procter and Gamble, he worked in skin care product development, global fragrance development, and most recently oral care product development in the Oral Care Advanced Technology Innovation Group. Before being appointed a Victor Miles Research Fellow, he also served as Associate Director of Exploratory Formulation for skin care product development. While at Procter &amp; Gamble, George was one of the top inventors, with 354 granted and filed global patents (201 U.S. patents). He helped develop many of the core platform technologies used in skin care today with numerous products commercialized under the Olay, Bain de Soleil, Clearasil, Noxzema and SK2 brands. Previously, George was a Senior Chemist and Manager in the area of skin care product development, as well as the Director of Exploratory Formulation for Charles of the Ritz Group. During this time, George received the President\u2019s Cup Award for outstanding business contribution and developed numerous marketed skin care products under the Bain de Soleil, Jean Nate, Yves Saint Laurent and Charles of the Ritz Brands. George is a current member of the Society of Cosmetic Chemists and is on the scientific advisory board for Cosmetics &amp; Toiletries Magazine. He is a frequent guest lecturer for numerous key global suppliers, as well as for local and national SCC meetings. George is an avid tennis player and follower of the sport. He lives in Cincinnati, Ohio. Learn more about Deckner Consulting Services...\",\"sameAs\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/ulprospector.ul.com\"],\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ulprospector.ul.com\\\/author\\\/george-deckner\\\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Hair Pigmentation and Melanogenesis - Prospector Knowledge Center","description":"Human pigmentation is controlled by Melanogensis. Melanocyte cells produce Melanin, a pigment that provides color to skin, eyes, and hair. 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Learn more:","twitter_image":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/haircolor-iStock-1089535452-150x150-1.jpg","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"George Deckner","Est. reading time":"5 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/10385\/pcc-hair-pigmentation\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/10385\/pcc-hair-pigmentation\/"},"author":{"name":"George Deckner","@id":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/#\/schema\/person\/4e8c804f4d62b747a0827fe8a3456717"},"headline":"Hair Pigmentation and Melanogenesis","datePublished":"2020-04-03T14:05:36+00:00","dateModified":"2023-06-21T13:34:18+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/10385\/pcc-hair-pigmentation\/"},"wordCount":1083,"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/10385\/pcc-hair-pigmentation\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/haircolor-iStock-1089535452-600x400-1.jpg","articleSection":["Personal Care &amp; Cosmetics"],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/10385\/pcc-hair-pigmentation\/","url":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/10385\/pcc-hair-pigmentation\/","name":"Hair Pigmentation and Melanogenesis - Prospector Knowledge Center","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/10385\/pcc-hair-pigmentation\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/10385\/pcc-hair-pigmentation\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/haircolor-iStock-1089535452-600x400-1.jpg","datePublished":"2020-04-03T14:05:36+00:00","dateModified":"2023-06-21T13:34:18+00:00","author":{"@id":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/#\/schema\/person\/4e8c804f4d62b747a0827fe8a3456717"},"description":"Human pigmentation is controlled by Melanogensis. Melanocyte cells produce Melanin, a pigment that provides color to skin, eyes, and hair. Learn more:","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/10385\/pcc-hair-pigmentation\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/10385\/pcc-hair-pigmentation\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/10385\/pcc-hair-pigmentation\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/haircolor-iStock-1089535452-600x400-1.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/haircolor-iStock-1089535452-600x400-1.jpg","width":600,"height":400,"caption":"photo of different hair pigments - learn more about hair pigmentation"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/10385\/pcc-hair-pigmentation\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Hair Pigmentation and Melanogenesis"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/#website","url":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/","name":"Prospector Knowledge Center","description":"Welcome to the blog for UL Prospector, the most comprehensive raw material search engine for product developers.","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/#\/schema\/person\/4e8c804f4d62b747a0827fe8a3456717","name":"George Deckner","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/media\/2017\/10\/George-Deckner_avatar_1508792845-96x96.jpgf40b8891938b807510ab3bd42403f908","url":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/media\/2017\/10\/George-Deckner_avatar_1508792845-96x96.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/media\/2017\/10\/George-Deckner_avatar_1508792845-96x96.jpg","caption":"George Deckner"},"description":"George Deckner brings over 40 years of experience as a formulating chemist to his role as a personal care and cosmetics industry expert at Prospector. His rich professional background in innovative product development, research, material science and exploratory formulation, as well as a passion for developing products that make people\u2019s lives more comfortable and happy, inform the articles he writes for Knowledge.ULProspector.com. In addition to lending his industry expertise to Prospector, George consults with personal care and cosmetics suppliers. He founded his consulting practice, Deckner Consulting Services, after retiring from Procter &amp; Gamble in 2013, where he was a Victor Miles Research Fellow. While at Procter and Gamble, he worked in skin care product development, global fragrance development, and most recently oral care product development in the Oral Care Advanced Technology Innovation Group. Before being appointed a Victor Miles Research Fellow, he also served as Associate Director of Exploratory Formulation for skin care product development. While at Procter &amp; Gamble, George was one of the top inventors, with 354 granted and filed global patents (201 U.S. patents). He helped develop many of the core platform technologies used in skin care today with numerous products commercialized under the Olay, Bain de Soleil, Clearasil, Noxzema and SK2 brands. Previously, George was a Senior Chemist and Manager in the area of skin care product development, as well as the Director of Exploratory Formulation for Charles of the Ritz Group. During this time, George received the President\u2019s Cup Award for outstanding business contribution and developed numerous marketed skin care products under the Bain de Soleil, Jean Nate, Yves Saint Laurent and Charles of the Ritz Brands. George is a current member of the Society of Cosmetic Chemists and is on the scientific advisory board for Cosmetics &amp; Toiletries Magazine. He is a frequent guest lecturer for numerous key global suppliers, as well as for local and national SCC meetings. George is an avid tennis player and follower of the sport. He lives in Cincinnati, Ohio. Learn more about Deckner Consulting Services...","sameAs":["https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com"],"url":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/author\/george-deckner\/"}]}},"authors":[{"term_id":1251,"user_id":6,"is_guest":0,"slug":"george-deckner","display_name":"George Deckner","avatar_url":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/media\/2017\/10\/George-Deckner_avatar_1508792845-96x96.jpg","0":null,"1":"","2":"","3":"","4":"","5":"","6":"","7":"","8":""}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10385","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10385"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10385\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/10388"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10385"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=10385"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=10385"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ppma_author?post=10385"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}