{"id":11212,"date":"2020-11-13T06:05:38","date_gmt":"2020-11-13T12:05:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\/knowledge\/?p=11212"},"modified":"2020-11-30T08:51:40","modified_gmt":"2020-11-30T14:51:40","slug":"pc-achieving-superior-adhesion-of-coatings","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/11212\/pc-achieving-superior-adhesion-of-coatings\/","title":{"rendered":"Achieving Superior Adhesion of Coatings"},"content":{"rendered":"<h3><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11231 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/media\/2020\/11\/iStock-1193930563-brightly-painted-car-and-buildings-HEADER-600x400-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/iStock-1193930563-brightly-painted-car-and-buildings-HEADER-600x400-1.jpg 600w, https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/iStock-1193930563-brightly-painted-car-and-buildings-HEADER-600x400-1-300x200.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/>Introduction<\/h3>\n<p>The single most important requirement for most coatings is that the system adheres strongly to the substrate after film formation has completed. Adhesion is defined as the resistance of the coating to being removed from the substrate.<\/p>\n<h3>Complete Wetting<\/h3>\n<p>Coatings are most often applied as liquid paints. For good adhesion, it is crucial that the liquid fully spreads over the surface that must be coated. This pre-condition for obtaining adhesion, called <strong>complete wetting<\/strong>, is governed by the surface tension of the liquid and the surface energy of the solid.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_11216\" class=\"thumbnail wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"width: 650px\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11216\" src=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/media\/2020\/11\/complete-wetting-2-1024x323.png\" alt=\"Complete wetting diagram - learn about achieving superior adhesion of coatings\" width=\"650\" height=\"205\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/complete-wetting-2-1024x323.png 1024w, https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/complete-wetting-2-300x95.png 300w, https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/complete-wetting-2-768x242.png 768w, https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/complete-wetting-2.png 1502w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 650px) 100vw, 650px\" \/><figcaption class=\"caption wp-caption-text\">Wetting is governed by surface energy and surface tension.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Complete wetting is, by definition, the situation in which the contact angle is 0\u00b0. Complete wetting will occur when the surface tension of the liquid is lower than the surface energy of the solid. Two approaches can be used when the pre-condition of complete wetting is not obeyed:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Raise the surface energy of the solid via <strong>pre-treatment<\/strong>. In some cases, simply cleaning the surface with organic solvent can be sufficient as pre-treatment.<\/li>\n<li>Lower the surface tension of the paint by using an additive called <strong>wetting agent<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Key Aspects of Adhesion<\/h3>\n<p>Several aspects, next to complete wetting, must be taken into consideration when good adhesion is required. This applies to both \u2018normal\u2019 adhesion, referring to a coating adhering on a substrate, and intercoat adhesion, the adhesion of a coating on another coating.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_11217\" class=\"thumbnail wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"width: 600px\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11217\" src=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/media\/2020\/11\/adhesion-of-a-coating-on-another-coating-1024x288.png\" alt=\"diagram of a coating on top of another coating - Learn about achieving superior coatings adhesion\" width=\"600\" height=\"169\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/adhesion-of-a-coating-on-another-coating-1024x288.png 1024w, https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/adhesion-of-a-coating-on-another-coating-300x84.png 300w, https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/adhesion-of-a-coating-on-another-coating-768x216.png 768w, https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/adhesion-of-a-coating-on-another-coating.png 1223w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><figcaption class=\"caption wp-caption-text\">Adhesion and intercoat adhesion<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>A variety of adhesion mechanisms can be used to obtain good adhesion<sup>1<\/sup>. Some of these mechanisms are highly effective and others may help.<\/p>\n<p>Two mechanisms result in excellent adhesion.<\/p>\n<p>First, <strong>diffusive adhesion<\/strong> is possible when paint components are able to cross the substrate-paint interface during film formation, giving interfacial mixing. The concept of diffusion can be used when a plastic object must be coated. Superior adhesion is obtained when polymeric resin molecules from the paint can diffuse sufficiently deep into the plastic and entangle with polymeric tails and chains of the plastic.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_11218\" class=\"thumbnail wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"width: 1024px\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11218 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/media\/2020\/11\/diffusion-and-entanglement-1024x178.png\" alt=\"Diffusion and entanglement - learn about achieving superior coating adhesion\" width=\"1024\" height=\"178\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/diffusion-and-entanglement-1024x178.png 1024w, https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/diffusion-and-entanglement-300x52.png 300w, https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/diffusion-and-entanglement-768x133.png 768w, https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/diffusion-and-entanglement-1536x267.png 1536w, https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/diffusion-and-entanglement.png 1994w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"caption wp-caption-text\">Diffusion and entanglement.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Secondly, superior adhesion can be obtained when the coating is chemically bonded, via <strong>covalent bonds<\/strong>, to the substrate; the substrate and the coating are then said to be coupled<sup>2<\/sup>. The covalent bonds form at the interface during film formation, when chemical groups of the binder system in the paint react with chemical groups on the surface of the substrate.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_11219\" class=\"thumbnail wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"width: 1024px\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-11219\" src=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/media\/2020\/11\/Interfacial-crosslinking-1024x210.png\" alt=\"Interfacial crosslinking - Learn about achieving superior coating adhesion\" width=\"1024\" height=\"210\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Interfacial-crosslinking-1024x210.png 1024w, https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Interfacial-crosslinking-300x62.png 300w, https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Interfacial-crosslinking-768x157.png 768w, https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Interfacial-crosslinking-1536x315.png 1536w, https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Interfacial-crosslinking.png 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"caption wp-caption-text\">Interfacial crosslinking: covalent bonds are formed during film formation.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Specific additives, called <strong>adhesion promoters<\/strong>, can be used to chemically bond coatings to, for example, metals<sup>3,4<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>A pre-condition for obtaining and maintaining excellent adhesion is that the covalent interfacial bonds are connected to the binder system in the coating. Also, the coating must be sufficiently flexible to be able to deal with stresses that are applied to the system. This flexibility requirement is especially true for the part of the coating that is near the interface.<\/p>\n<p>An example of using the combination of diffusive adhesion and coupling is when a liquid topcoat is applied on a liquid primer being still wet. Superior intercoat adhesion can be obtained when the two paints are miscible to some degree and when the paints are based on the same crosslink mechanism. This concept is called <strong>wet-on-wet<\/strong> application.<\/p>\n<p>A crucial pre-condition for long-term strong adhesion is that the <strong>mechanical properties<\/strong> of the complete system, consisting of substrate, coating and interface, are OK. The system should have no internal stress and the system must be able to dissipate any force that is applied. Especially, the region near the substrate-coating interface must be strong but not rigid. This implies, for example, that the <strong>crosslink density<\/strong> within the coating, and especially near the interface, should not be too high.<\/p>\n<h3>Additional Mechanisms<\/h3>\n<p>Other adhesion mechanisms can assist in obtaining good adhesion.<\/p>\n<p>A rough surface has a higher effective surface area than a smooth surface. <strong>Surface roughness<\/strong>, that can be obtained via pre-treatment like sanding, etching or abrasive blasting, is beneficial for adhesion.<\/p>\n<p>Secondly, liquid paint can penetrate into the pores of <strong>porous<\/strong> substrates, like stone and wood. Penetration may improve adhesion because of <strong>mechanical anchoring<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>Assuring strong intermolecular <strong>interactions<\/strong> between substrate and coating can be important, especially when metals are coated. Preferably, strong physical bonds, like <strong>hydrogen bonds<\/strong>, are used. It is risky to use hydrogen bonding as main adhesion mechanism. The reason is that other molecules, that are able to form hydrogen bonds, can compete with the hydrogen bonds that give adhesion. A well-known example is that some metal coatings show excellent adhesion under dry conditions but fail when the metal-coating interface comes in contact with water.<\/p>\n<p>It is important to realize that the complete system, consisting of substrate, coating(s) and interface(s), governs how strong or weak the (intercoat) adhesion is.<\/p>\n<h3>References<\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/10127\/pc-a-guide-to-providing-perfect-coating-adhesion\/\"><em>A Guide to Providing Perfect Coating Adhesion<\/em><\/a>, Ron Lewarchik, 29 November 2019.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/7809\/pc-adhesion-on-steel-via-covalent-bonding\/\"><em>Co-dependent: Adhesion on Steel via Covalent Bonding<\/em><\/a>, Jochum Beetsma, 2 March 2018.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/8630\/pc-superior-coatings-performance-with-organosilane-components\/\"><em>Superior Coatings Performance with Organosilane Components<\/em><\/a>, Ron Lewarchik, 10 August 2018.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/4524\/adhesion-promoters-101\/\"><em>Adhesion Promoters 101<\/em><\/a>, Marc Hirsch, 19 May 2016.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Introduction The single most important requirement for most coatings is that the system adheres strongly to the substrate after film formation has completed. Adhesion is defined as the resistance of the coating to being removed from the substrate. Complete Wetting &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/11212\/pc-achieving-superior-adhesion-of-coatings\/\">Continued<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":11231,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"episode_type":"","audio_file":"","podmotor_file_id":"","podmotor_episode_id":"","cover_image":"","cover_image_id":"","duration":"","filesize":"","filesize_raw":"","date_recorded":"","explicit":"","block":"","itunes_episode_number":"","itunes_title":"","itunes_season_number":"","itunes_episode_type":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[16],"tags":[],"ppma_author":[1235],"class_list":{"0":"post-11212","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-paint-coatings","8":"entry"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Achieving Superior Adhesion of Coatings - Prospector Knowledge Center<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The most important requirement for coatings is a strong adhesion to the substrate. 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Jochum Beetsma brings expertise in physical chemistry, raw materials, product development, innovation implementation and problem solving to his role as a paint and coatings industry expert at Prospector. As graduated physical chemist and PDMA-certified New Product Development Professional, Jochum Beetsma authors in-depth technical articles for Knowledge.ULProspector.com. Since 2004, Jochum is independent consultant, advising companies from around the world in coatings, inks and related industries. Jochum develops and executes in-company training programs on coatings and he works as interim project manager. Prior to becoming consultant, he spent 13 years at DSM Coating Resins. While at DSM, he was project manager of New Product Development projects, focusing on water-based, solvent-based, high-solids and powder coatings. He also served as chairman of the Project Management Platform within DSM. 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Jochum Beetsma brings expertise in physical chemistry, raw materials, product development, innovation implementation and problem solving to his role as a paint and coatings industry expert at Prospector. As graduated physical chemist and PDMA-certified New Product Development Professional, Jochum Beetsma authors in-depth technical articles for Knowledge.ULProspector.com. Since 2004, Jochum is independent consultant, advising companies from around the world in coatings, inks and related industries. Jochum develops and executes in-company training programs on coatings and he works as interim project manager. Prior to becoming consultant, he spent 13 years at DSM Coating Resins. While at DSM, he was project manager of New Product Development projects, focusing on water-based, solvent-based, high-solids and powder coatings. He also served as chairman of the Project Management Platform within DSM. He coached project teams and prepared and facilitated complex project sessions like Project Start-Ups. Previous to his time at DSM, Jochum was a coating chemist at PPG. Jochum is widely published in various international scientific magazines and has delivered lectures worldwide. He is a current lecturer and member of the Expert Team of SpecialChem. He is also a coatings technology lecturer for, amongst others, Polymer Technology Netherlands. He currently resides in Zwolle, The Netherlands. Contact Jochum via email (j.beetsma@meritus.nl) to learn more about his consulting services.","sameAs":["https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com"],"url":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/author\/jochum-beetsma\/"}]}},"authors":[{"term_id":1235,"user_id":11,"is_guest":0,"slug":"jochum-beetsma","display_name":"Jochum Beetsma","avatar_url":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/Jochum-Beetsma.jpg","0":null,"1":"","2":"","3":"","4":"","5":"","6":"","7":"","8":""}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11212","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/11"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=11212"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11212\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/11231"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=11212"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=11212"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=11212"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ppma_author?post=11212"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}