{"id":13291,"date":"2022-06-29T06:05:45","date_gmt":"2022-06-29T12:05:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\/knowledge\/?p=13291"},"modified":"2022-10-31T13:27:11","modified_gmt":"2022-10-31T19:27:11","slug":"pc-hydrophobic-super-hydrophobic-coatings","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/13291\/pc-hydrophobic-super-hydrophobic-coatings\/","title":{"rendered":"Hydrophobic\/Super-Hydrophobic Coatings"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-8725\" src=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/media\/2018\/08\/lotus-leaf-water-drop-summer-2192811_600x400.jpg\" alt=\"Lotus leaf with water drop - learn how the lotus effect applies to formulating hydrophobic coatings in the UL Prospector Knowledge Center.\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/lotus-leaf-water-drop-summer-2192811_600x400.jpg 600w, https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/lotus-leaf-water-drop-summer-2192811_600x400-300x200.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/>Formulating <strong><em>hydrophobic (HP) and superhydrophobic (SH) coatings<\/em><\/strong> has a myriad of challenges and considerations. There are multiple means to achieve a temporary SH surface that provides a high contact angle as well as a low roll off angle, however, the challenge is to formulate a long lasting material that maintains its performance for an extended period of time that includes abrasion resistance, light stability, and resistance to a variety of environmental conditions for the intended application. A well-designed HP or SH coating for the intended application can provide a variety of benefits for applications in addition to water repellency that can include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Corrosion resistance<\/li>\n<li>Self-cleanability<\/li>\n<li>HP\/SH sustainability after surface erosion<\/li>\n<li>Volume super-hydrophobicity rather than just surface hydrophobicity<\/li>\n<li>Stain resistance<\/li>\n<li>Resistance to microbe growth associated with dirt collection<\/li>\n<li>Anti-fouling marine coatings<\/li>\n<li>Low water-drag marine coatings<\/li>\n<li>Protective coatings for harsh environments such as oil rigs<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Superhydrophobic surfaces in nature<\/p>\n<p>There are reported to be thousands of examples of SH bio-formed materials found in nature. Some of the common ones include lotus leaves, rice leaves, duck feathers, rose petals, and the legs of water-striders. The surface of these naturally occurring biobased materials all have a patterned <strong><em>microstructure<\/em><\/strong> combined with a layer of a <strong><em>low surface energy<\/em><\/strong> substance. The lotus leaf has a microstructure comprising small protuberances or spiked papillae 10 \u2013 20 microns in height and 10 \u2013 15 microns and the distances between the nearest papillae is about 15 microns. The tips of the papillae are coated with a hydrophobic wax layer.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-13292\" src=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/media\/2022\/06\/waterdroplet.jpg\" alt=\"Water droplet and chart\" width=\"600\" height=\"267\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/waterdroplet.jpg 936w, https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/waterdroplet-300x133.jpg 300w, https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/waterdroplet-768x341.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Accordingly, due to the super-hydrophobicity of the lotus leaf surface, the water cannot penetrate the valleys between the wax-coated papillae so the water droplet forms a contact angle of 150 degrees or higher (figure 4). A hydrophobic surface is defined as a surface with a static contact angle of <u>&gt;<\/u> 90 degrees (figure 3). <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\/en\/na\/Coatings\/Product\/search?k=Hydrophobics&amp;sug=1&amp;st=311&amp;utm_source=KnowledgeCenter&amp;utm_medium=article&amp;utm_campaign=Coatings&amp;utm_term=2022PC&amp;utm_content=Lewarchik\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Hydrophobic<\/em><\/a><\/strong> (repels water) or <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\/en\/na\/Coatings\/search?k=%27Superhydrophobic%27&amp;st=311&amp;utm_source=KnowledgeCenter&amp;utm_medium=article&amp;utm_campaign=Coatings&amp;utm_term=2022PC&amp;utm_content=Lewarchik\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>S<\/strong><strong>uperhydrophobic<\/strong><\/a><em><strong> coatings (<\/strong><\/em>highly water-repellent) can provide a variety of beneficial properties as stated above. Several factors impact the contact angle of a water drop on the surface of a coating. These include the macro, micro, and nano-surface profile, and the surface tension of the coating on which the water droplet is resting.\u00a0<em><strong>Surface tension<\/strong><\/em>\u00a0is the elastic tendency of\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Liquids\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">liquids<\/a>\u00a0that make them acquire the least\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Surface_area\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">surface area<\/a>\u00a0possible. The equation that defines this in relation to a solid surface is known as Young\u2019s equation:<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-13302 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/media\/2022\/06\/formula-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"479\" height=\"221\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/formula-1.png 479w, https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/formula-1-300x138.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 479px) 100vw, 479px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Young\u2019s equation demonstrates that hydrophobicity can only be observed on solid surfaces that provide a low \u03c3sv.<\/p>\n<p>To maximize the surface hydrophobicity of a coating, the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\/en\/na\/Coatings\/search?k=Surface+energy&amp;st=31\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">surface energy<\/a><em>\u00a0<\/em>should be as low as possible. Low surface energy, coupled with an appropriately structured surface, maximizes hydrophobicity.\u00a0<em><strong>Surface energy<\/strong><\/em>\u00a0has the same units as surface tension (force per unit length or dynes\/cm). A high surface tension liquid such as water will have maximum hydrophobicity and thus have poor wetting (high contact angle) over a coating surface that has low<em><strong>\u00a0surface energy.\u00a0<\/strong><\/em>As Table I illustrates,\u00a0<em><strong>surface energy\u00a0<\/strong><\/em>can vary greatly depending on the nature of the surface that comes in contact with water.<\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Table I \u2013 Surface Energy of Materials<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-13293\" src=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/media\/2022\/06\/MaterialIdentity.png\" alt=\"Table of Material Identity\" width=\"359\" height=\"381\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/MaterialIdentity.png 359w, https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/MaterialIdentity-283x300.png 283w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 359px) 100vw, 359px\" \/><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_2535\" class=\"thumbnail wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"width: 190px\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2535 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/media\/2015\/05\/hydro1.png\" alt=\"Hydrophobic contact angle of &gt; 90 degrees \" width=\"190\" height=\"84\" \/><figcaption class=\"caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 3 &#8211; Hydrophobic contact angle of &gt; 90 degrees<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_2538\" class=\"thumbnail wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"width: 186px\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2538 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/media\/2015\/05\/hydro3.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"186\" height=\"96\" \/><figcaption class=\"caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 4 &#8211; Superhydrophobic contact angle of &gt; 150 degrees<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_13294\" class=\"thumbnail wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"width: 300px\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-13294 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/media\/2022\/06\/Superhydrophobic-300x161.png\" alt=\"Chemical Dynamics Superhydrophobic PU coating with a contact angle of 151 degrees \" width=\"300\" height=\"161\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Superhydrophobic-300x161.png 300w, https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Superhydrophobic.png 448w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><figcaption class=\"caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 5 Chemical Dynamics Superhydrophobic PU coating with a contact angle of 151 degrees<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>In Figure 6, for the Lotus leaf, the water droplet only touches the tips of the papillae and traps air between the Papillae resulting in a low adhesive force resulting in a high contact angle, and a low <strong><em>roll off angle.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_13295\" class=\"thumbnail wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"width: 190px\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-13295\" src=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/media\/2022\/06\/SH-coating.png\" alt=\"SH coating with a 10 Degree roll off angle\" width=\"190\" height=\"112\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/SH-coating.png 447w, https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/SH-coating-300x177.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 190px) 100vw, 190px\" \/><figcaption class=\"caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 6 &#8211; SH coating with a 10 Degree roll off angle<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3>Formulating Hydrophobic\/Superhydrophobic Coatings<\/h3>\n<p>The evolution and development of HP and SH coatings were inspired by nature but utilize synthetic materials. Accordingly, SH coatings developed in the lab mimic many of the same attributes of SH surfaces in nature such as combining an appropriate <strong><em>micro-surface structure<\/em><\/strong> along with the use of <strong><em>low surface energy materials<\/em><\/strong> on or at the tips of spiky surfaces (Fig. 2). Some of the structured materials used in coatings include <strong><em>Hydrophobically or SH-modified pigments<\/em><\/strong> such as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\/en\/na\/Coatings\/search?k=%22fumed+silica%22&amp;st=311&amp;utm_source=KnowledgeCenter&amp;utm_medium=article&amp;utm_campaign=Coatings&amp;utm_term=2022PC&amp;utm_content=Lewarchik\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">fumed silica<\/a>, diatomaceous earth and finely <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\/en\/na\/Coatings\/Product\/search?k=ground+silica+&amp;st=31&amp;so=k_0&amp;sl=139835649&amp;utm_source=KnowledgeCenter&amp;utm_medium=article&amp;utm_campaign=Coatings&amp;utm_term=2022PC&amp;utm_content=Lewarchik\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ground silica<\/a> can produce bulk hydrophobicity rather than just surface hydrophobicity. <strong><em>Surface hydrophobicity<\/em><\/strong> is normally a few nanometers thick. The advantage of a coating with <strong><em>bulk or volume hydrophobicity <\/em><\/strong>provides long-lasting hydrophobicity even when the surface of the coating is eroded (Fig.7). An HP or SH coating surface can lose HP or SH surface properties relatively quickly when put into service, whereas a coating that has volume or bulk HP\/SH properties as well can maintain these properties over a longer time frame. Some examples of materials that can provide hydrophobic surface properties to coatings include <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\/en\/na\/Coatings\/Product\/search?k=Waxes&amp;sug=1&amp;st=311&amp;utm_source=KnowledgeCenter&amp;utm_medium=article&amp;utm_campaign=Coatings&amp;utm_term=2022PC&amp;utm_content=Lewarchik\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">waxes<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\/en\/na\/Coatings\/Products\/1878\/Oligomers\/search?k=hydrophobic&amp;st=31&amp;so=k_0+pt_1513&amp;sl=139835365&amp;utm_source=KnowledgeCenter&amp;utm_medium=article&amp;utm_campaign=Coatings&amp;utm_term=2022PC&amp;utm_content=Lewarchik\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">oligomers<\/a>, or <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\/en\/na\/Coatings\/Product\/search?k=Polymers&amp;sug=1&amp;st=311&amp;utm_source=KnowledgeCenter&amp;utm_medium=article&amp;utm_campaign=Coatings&amp;utm_term=2022PC&amp;utm_content=Lewarchik\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">polymers<\/a> added in low percentages which may stratify at the surface but are more prone to erode away when the coating is placed into service. Other means to improve hydrophobicity include low surface tension reactive oligomers, polymers containing a high percentage of HP monomers, and modifying paints, resins, and pigments with silanes and siloxanes which provide a low surface tension.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>A search of Raw Materials on the Prospector web site using the word\u00a0 hydrophobic followed by the material category (e.g. pigments, monomers, oligomers etc.) will provide a variety of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\/en\/na\/Coatings\/Product\/search?k=Hydrophobic+materials+&amp;st=1&amp;so=k_0&amp;sl=139835549\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Hydrophobic materials<\/a><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<figure id=\"attachment_13296\" class=\"thumbnail wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"width: 300px\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-13296 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/media\/2022\/06\/SH-coating2-300x266.png\" alt=\"Chemical Dynamics SH coating with volume or bulk SH properties. \" width=\"300\" height=\"266\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/SH-coating2-300x266.png 300w, https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/SH-coating2.png 357w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><figcaption class=\"caption wp-caption-text\">Fig. 7 Chemical Dynamics SH coating with volume or bulk SH properties. Contact angle remains at 150 degrees or higher after sanding.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Surface modification of pigments to provide a very low surface energy can have a dramatic effect on hydrophobicity and the proper reactant or surface modification can provide the modification to enable SH performance. Many pigment surfaces can be surface modified with a silane functional group that reacts with or is absorbed on the pigment surface.<\/p>\n<p>For example, a coating comprised of polyhexafluoropropylene (12.0 Dynes\/cm) on the surface will provide a more hydrophobic surface than that of\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\/en\/na\/Coatings\/search?k=polymethylmethacrylate&amp;st=311&amp;utm_source=KnowledgeCenter&amp;utm_medium=article&amp;utm_campaign=Coatings&amp;utm_term=2022PC&amp;utm_content=Lewarchik\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">polymethylmethacrylate<\/a>\u00a0(40.2 Dynes\/cm). In general, terms, to provide the greatest surface hydrophobicity, the material\u2019s most hydrophobic moiety should be positioned on the surface. Perfluoro and\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\/en\/na\/Coatings\/Product\/search?k=Aliphatic&amp;sug=1&amp;st=311&amp;utm_source=KnowledgeCenter&amp;utm_medium=article&amp;utm_campaign=Coatings&amp;utm_term=2022PC&amp;utm_content=Lewarchik\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">aliphatic<\/a>\u00a0groups at the coating surface offer greater hydrophobicity than that of ester or alcohol groups. For example, from lowest to highest surface tension:<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-13297\" src=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/media\/2022\/06\/aliphatic-chain.png\" alt=\"aliphatic chain\" width=\"624\" height=\"135\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/aliphatic-chain.png 624w, https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/aliphatic-chain-300x65.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 624px) 100vw, 624px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Providing increased hydrophobicity throughout a properly engineered coating can also provide additional attributes such as improved corrosion and moisture resistance.<\/p>\n<p>In summary, several key principles for considering the design and formulation of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\/en\/na\/Coatings\/search?k=Hydrophobic&amp;st=31&amp;utm_source=KnowledgeCenter&amp;utm_medium=article&amp;utm_campaign=Coatings&amp;utm_term=2022PC&amp;utm_content=Lewarchik\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">hydrophobic<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\/en\/na\/Coatings\/search?k=superhydrophobic&amp;st=311&amp;utm_source=KnowledgeCenter&amp;utm_medium=article&amp;utm_campaign=Coatings&amp;utm_term=2022PC&amp;utm_content=Lewarchik\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">superhydrophobic<\/a> materials and coatings were briefly described in this article. A few challenges remain, for example, one of the important considerations is to obtain and maintain the proper balance of SH properties with that of the mechanical surface strength of the coating and an acceptable balance of other physical, chemical, and accelerated properties.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Formulating hydrophobic (HP) and superhydrophobic (SH) coatings has a myriad of challenges and considerations. There are multiple means to achieve a temporary SH surface that provides a high contact angle as well as a low roll off angle, however, the &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/13291\/pc-hydrophobic-super-hydrophobic-coatings\/\">Continued<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":8725,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"episode_type":"","audio_file":"","podmotor_file_id":"","podmotor_episode_id":"","cover_image":"","cover_image_id":"","duration":"","filesize":"","filesize_raw":"","date_recorded":"","explicit":"","block":"","itunes_episode_number":"","itunes_title":"","itunes_season_number":"","itunes_episode_type":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[16],"tags":[],"ppma_author":[1249],"class_list":{"0":"post-13291","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-paint-coatings","8":"entry"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Hydrophobic\/Super-Hydrophobic Coatings - Prospector Knowledge Center<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Several key principles should be considered in the design and formulation of hydrophobic and superhydrophobic materials and coatings.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/13291\/pc-hydrophobic-super-hydrophobic-coatings\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Hydrophobic\/Super-Hydrophobic Coatings - Prospector Knowledge Center\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Several key principles should be considered in the design and formulation of hydrophobic and superhydrophobic materials and coatings. 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Lewarchik, President and CEO of Chemical Dynamics, LLC, brings 40 years of paint and coatings industry expertise to his role as a contributing author with the Prospector Knowledge Center. As a contributing writer, Ron pens articles on topics relevant to formulators in the coatings industry. He also serves as a consultant for the Prospector materials search engine, advising on issues related to optimization and organization materials within the database. Ron's company, Chemical Dynamics, LLC (www.chemicaldynamics.net), is a full-service paint and coatings firm specializing in consulting and product development based in Plymouth, Michigan. Since 2004, he has provided consulting, product development, contract research, feasibility studies, failure mode analysis and more for a wide range of clients, as well as their suppliers, customers and coaters. He has also served as an Adjunct Research Professor at the Coatings Research Institute of Eastern Michigan University. 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Lewarchik, President and CEO of Chemical Dynamics, LLC, brings 40 years of paint and coatings industry expertise to his role as a contributing author with the Prospector Knowledge Center. As a contributing writer, Ron pens articles on topics relevant to formulators in the coatings industry. He also serves as a consultant for the Prospector materials search engine, advising on issues related to optimization and organization materials within the database. Ron's company, Chemical Dynamics, LLC (www.chemicaldynamics.net), is a full-service paint and coatings firm specializing in consulting and product development based in Plymouth, Michigan. Since 2004, he has provided consulting, product development, contract research, feasibility studies, failure mode analysis and more for a wide range of clients, as well as their suppliers, customers and coaters. He has also served as an Adjunct Research Professor at the Coatings Research Institute of Eastern Michigan University. 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