{"id":16423,"date":"2024-02-14T07:00:28","date_gmt":"2024-02-14T13:00:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\/knowledge\/?p=16423"},"modified":"2024-02-29T11:20:42","modified_gmt":"2024-02-29T17:20:42","slug":"pc-the-cielab-system-the-method-to-specify-colors-of-coatings","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/16423\/pc-the-cielab-system-the-method-to-specify-colors-of-coatings\/","title":{"rendered":"The CIELAB System \u2013 the Method to Specify Colors of Coatings"},"content":{"rendered":"

Introduction <\/strong><\/p>\n

Color is an important aesthetical aspect of coated objects. Different persons have different perceptions of a specific color. Therefore, it is important to have an objective way to characterize colors of coatings, as well as to have a tool to quantify differences between colors. The good news is that there is a standard system that is used all over the globe: the CIELAB<\/strong><\/a> color system. This article is about the fundamentals of this system and how it is used in coating industry<\/a>.<\/p>\n

The CIELAB color space<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

The 3-dimensional CIELAB color space.<\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

The color of (coated) objects is visualized and specified by using the CIELAB color space, introduced in 1976. This 3-dimensional color space is built-up from three axes that are perpendicular to one another.<\/p>\n

The L*<\/sup><\/strong>-axis gives the lightness: an ideal white object has, by definition, an L*<\/sup> value of 100 and the L*<\/sup> value of a black object is 0. All shades of grey are on the L*<\/sup>-axis.<\/p>\n

Chromatic<\/strong> (\u2018real\u2019) colors<\/strong><\/a> are described by using the two axes in the horizontal plane. The a*<\/sup><\/strong>-axis is the green-red axis and the b*<\/sup><\/strong>-axis goes from blue (-b*<\/sup>) to yellow (+b*<\/sup>).<\/p>\n

Each color can be represented by a color point<\/strong> (L*<\/sup>, a*<\/sup>, b*<\/sup>) in the color space; L*<\/sup>, a*<\/sup> and b*<\/sup> are the color coordinates<\/strong> of the color point.<\/p>\n

The asterisk (*<\/strong>) symbol of L*<\/sup>, a*<\/sup> and b*<\/sup> indicates that the color coordinates are defined in the new color system; it is the follow-up of the older Lab color system. The new system is now used to specify colors, even though often the simplified notation of the color coordinates, without the * symbol, is used.<\/p>\n

Color differences<\/strong><\/p>\n

Consider two colors, 1 and 2, that have color coordinates\u00a0 L*<\/sup>1<\/sub>, a*<\/sup>1<\/sub>, b*<\/sup>1<\/sub>\u00a0 and\u00a0\u00a0 L*<\/sup>2<\/sub>, a*<\/sup>2<\/sub>, b*<\/sup>2<\/sub>, respectively.<\/p>\n

The difference in lightness between the colors is quantified by \u0394L<\/strong>*<\/sup><\/strong> = L*<\/sup>1<\/sub> – L*<\/sup>2<\/sub>, the green-red color difference is quantified by \u0394a<\/strong>*<\/sup><\/strong> = a*<\/sup>1<\/sub> – a*<\/sup>2<\/sub> and the blue-yellow color difference is quantified by \u0394b<\/strong>*<\/sup><\/strong> = b*<\/sup>1<\/sub> – b*<\/sup>2<\/sub>.<\/p>\n

The total color difference between two colors, \u0394E*<\/sup>ab<\/sub><\/strong>, is the distance between the color points of the two colors in the CIELAB color space. The color difference can be calculated by using the mathematical theorem of Pythagoras:<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

A small \u0394E*<\/sup>ab<\/sub> value implies that the colors are close to each other. The concept and specification of colors, as well as quantifying color differences, is important when a color must be matched or when a new batch<\/strong> of a paint must have a color that is close to the color of the standard paint, the reference<\/strong>. The color coordinates of the batch and the reference are measured and the total color difference \u0394E*<\/sup>ab<\/sub><\/strong> is calculated. But, how well must the color of the new batch match with the color of the reference? The answer to this question is a criterion in the quality control of a new batch of paint. Depending on the industry and application, the criterion for color approval can be strict, for example \u0394E*<\/sup>ab<\/sub> < 0.3, or much milder, for example \u0394E*<\/sup>ab<\/sub> < 1.5.<\/p>\n

In the daily practice of those who work with paints, the notation of a color difference is often simplified as \u0394E*<\/sup> or \u0394E.<\/p>\n

Hue and chroma<\/strong><\/p>\n

Hue<\/strong> is the color tone or color name of a color. Chroma<\/strong> is the amount of saturation of a color. Colors of high chroma are said to be clear, bright or brilliant. Dull (pastel) colors have a low chroma.<\/p>\n

Hue and chroma can be visualized and quantified by using the a*<\/sup>b*<\/sup>-plane of the CIELAB color space.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Hue angle and chroma in the a*<\/sup>b*<\/sup>-plane.<\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

The hue of a color is specified by its hue angle hab<\/sub><\/strong> (without * symbol) in the a*<\/sup>b*<\/sup>-plane, given in degrees (\u00b0). The hue angle range starts, by definition, at the positive side of the a*<\/sup>-axis and goes counter-clockwise. This implies that red<\/strong> has a hue angle of 0\u00b0. A full circle goes from 0\u00b0 to 360\u00b0. Cyan blue<\/strong> (an organic blue pigment with color index PB 15), for example, has a hue angle of about 240\u00b0. The hue angle of a color can be calculated from the color coordinates:<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

The chroma of a color is quantified by C*<\/sup>ab<\/sub><\/strong>; it is the distance of the color point to the L*<\/sup>-axis. The chroma value of a color can be calculated from the color coordinates by using Pythagoras’ theorem:<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

A saturated<\/strong> (or brilliant or pure) color is represented by a color point that is far away from the lightness axis. The color point of a pale<\/strong> (or dull or pastel) color, a color of low saturation, is close to the L*<\/sup>-axis.<\/p>\n

So-called achromatic<\/strong> colors, from black via grey to white, have a chroma value of zero; color points of achromatic colors are on the L*<\/sup>-axis. In coating industry, often the definition is used that achromatic colors have a C*<\/sup>ab<\/sub> below 10. Then, C*<\/sup>ab<\/sub> > 10 for chromatic colors.<\/p>\n

Improvement of the system<\/strong><\/p>\n

While working with the CIELAB<\/a> color space, color coordinates and color differences, quantified by \u0394E*<\/sup>ab<\/sub>, color experts experienced shortcomings of the system. Therefore, continuous development of better systems proceeds, mainly to obtain better agreement between measured and quantified color differences with human visual perception of color differences1<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

For example, it turned out that the human eye is less sensitive for color differences when considering yellow and green colors. This implies that for a certain product range, the requirement with respect to color differences can be milder for yellowish and greenish colors than for, for example, blue and violet colors.<\/p>\n

CIE94 and CIEDE2000 are improvements, with respect to the quantification of color differences, that are used in the coating industry<\/a>. Both systems are based on the same CIELAB color space that is used to quantify total color difference \u0394E*<\/sup>ab<\/sub>. However, next to differences in lightness \u0394L*<\/sup>, differences in hue and chroma, instead of using \u0394a*<\/sup> and \u0394b*<\/sup>, are used to quantify color differences in the improved systems.<\/p>\n

In the CIE94<\/strong> method, introduced in 1995, weighting factors are used to include human perception and sensitivity with respect to color differences. The color difference, quantified by using CIE94, is written as \u0394E*<\/sup>94<\/sub><\/strong>.<\/p>\n

In the CIEDE2000<\/strong> method, introduced in 2001, further improvements were made with respect to weighting and correction factors. As a result, a color difference calculated via CIEDE2000, written as \u0394E*<\/sup>00<\/sub><\/strong>, gives better agreement with human perception than \u0394E*<\/sup>ab<\/sub> and \u0394E*<\/sup>94<\/sub>.<\/p>\n

Fortunately, color differences between coatings quantified by means of \u0394E*<\/sup>ab<\/sub> are good enough for most coating applications.<\/p>\n

Reference<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Book Colour Technology of Coatings<\/em>, Wilhelm Kettler et al., 2016.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Introduction Color is an important aesthetical aspect of coated objects. Different persons have different perceptions of a specific color. Therefore, it is important to have an objective way to characterize colors of coatings, as well as to have a tool … 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Jochum Beetsma brings expertise in physical chemistry, raw materials, product development, innovation implementation and problem solving to his role as a paint and coatings industry expert at Prospector. As graduated physical chemist and PDMA-certified New Product Development Professional, Jochum Beetsma authors in-depth technical articles for Knowledge.ULProspector.com. Since 2004, Jochum is independent consultant, advising companies from around the world in coatings, inks and related industries. Jochum develops and executes in-company training programs on coatings and he works as interim project manager. Prior to becoming consultant, he spent 13 years at DSM Coating Resins. While at DSM, he was project manager of New Product Development projects, focusing on water-based, solvent-based, high-solids and powder coatings. He also served as chairman of the Project Management Platform within DSM. He coached project teams and prepared and facilitated complex project sessions like Project Start-Ups. Previous to his time at DSM, Jochum was a coating chemist at PPG. Jochum is widely published in various international scientific magazines and has delivered lectures worldwide. He is a current lecturer and member of the Expert Team of SpecialChem. He is also a coatings technology lecturer for, amongst others, Polymer Technology Netherlands. He currently resides in Zwolle, The Netherlands. Contact Jochum via email (j.beetsma@meritus.nl) to learn more about his consulting services.","sameAs":["https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com"],"url":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/author\/jochum-beetsma\/"}]}},"authors":[{"term_id":1235,"user_id":11,"is_guest":0,"slug":"jochum-beetsma","display_name":"Jochum Beetsma","avatar_url":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/Jochum-Beetsma.jpg","0":null,"1":"","2":"","3":"","4":"","5":"","6":"","7":"","8":""}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16423","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/11"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=16423"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16423\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/16424"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=16423"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=16423"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=16423"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ppma_author?post=16423"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}