{"id":21218,"date":"2026-03-29T06:00:05","date_gmt":"2026-03-29T12:00:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/?p=21218"},"modified":"2026-03-03T13:26:18","modified_gmt":"2026-03-03T19:26:18","slug":"pc-the-efficient-use-of-tio2-pigment","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/21218\/pc-the-efficient-use-of-tio2-pigment\/","title":{"rendered":"The Efficient Use of TiO2 Pigment"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/p>\n

Titanium dioxide (TiO2<\/sub>) is the most used white pigment for paints and for other systems. It gives a coating whiteness<\/strong> and opacity<\/strong> (= hiding power<\/strong>)1,2<\/sup>. Especially when volume<\/strong> prices of systems are used, the pigment is considered as being expensive. The high volume price of TiO2<\/sub> is related to its high density.<\/p>\n

Because of its high price, it is of interest to use TiO2<\/sub> as efficient as possible.<\/p>\n

Scattering by<\/strong> solid particles<\/strong><\/p>\n

Particles in a matrix, like a binder system in a coating, change the direction of light when the particles and the medium have a different refractive index (n<\/strong>). This phenomenon, called scattering<\/strong>, results in both white color and hiding power of the coating3<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

A pre-condition for obtaining bright whiteness<\/strong> is that the particles do not absorb visible light, electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths (l<\/strong>) between, roughly, 380 and 700 nm. Pure titanium dioxide complies with this demand.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Scattering of light by a particle, surrounded by binder matrix, in a coating.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

A few key properties govern the scattering efficiency of particles in a medium.<\/p>\n

\n

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First, scattering is strong when the difference in refractive index<\/strong> of particle and matrix, Dn = np<\/sub> – nm<\/sub>, is big. For binders used in coatings, the refractive index is around 1.55. TiO2<\/sub> is preferably used as scattering source because the pigment has a high refractive index, that depends on the crystal structure of the pigment.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Key properties of the two types of TiO2 pigment that are used in coatings.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Secondly, for a specific wavelength<\/strong> of light, l<\/strong>, there is an optimum particle size<\/strong>. The diameter (d<\/strong>) of the particles should be close to half of the wavelength of the light for maximum scattering.<\/p>\n

This implies that rutile TiO2<\/sub> particles with a diameter of around 300 nm scatter visible light most efficiently.<\/p>\n

Optimizing the scattering efficiency of TiO2<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n

After having selected the right TiO2<\/sub> pigment, with respect to purity, crystal structure and particle size, several approaches can be used to maximize the efficiency of expensive TiO2<\/sub> pigment.<\/p>\n

First, during the dispersion process, the primary pigment particles must be separated<\/strong> from each other as much as possible. Also, the particles must be stabilized<\/strong> with dispersant to prevent flocculation4,5<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

A considerable amount of money can often be saved by improving the separation process and\/or by changing the type and\/or amount of dispersant.<\/p>\n

\"\"
The dispersion process: separation and stabilization of solid particles in a medium.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Secondly, it is important that the TiO2<\/sub> particles are distributed uniformly over the complete system. This phenomenon is called spacing<\/strong>. An approach to prevent crowding<\/strong>, the opposite of spacing, is to use a suitable filler. The objective is that filler particles fill the spaces between the TiO2<\/sub> particles, thus acting as spacers.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Crowding can be minimized by combining TiO2 and a fine-sized filler.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

For a filler to provide spacing, the particles must be small enough and, preferably, the filler has a low color to minimize absorption as much as possible. An example of a spacer filler that complies with both criteria is OptiGlossTM<\/sup> XD<\/strong><\/a> from Imerys. The average particle diameter (d-50<\/strong>) of this bright kaolin filler is around 200 nm.<\/p>\n

Another concept that can be used to obtain maximum scattering power is to use TiO2<\/sub> particles that have a thick layer of post-treatment. Ti-Pure\u2122 TS-6300<\/strong><\/a> Chemours is a white pigment that consists of rutile TiO2<\/sub> cores that are post-treated with a thick layer of oxides. The diameter of the TiO2<\/sub> cores is in the range of 300 nm, and the average diameter of a complete particle is 530 nm. The thick oxide shell provides spacing: the TiO2<\/sub> cores cannot come close to each other because of the post-treatment.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Microscopy photo of Ti-Pure\u2122 TS-6300 (courtesy of Chemours)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

References<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Titanium Dioxide: An Introduction<\/em><\/a>, Marc Hirsch, 23 September 2016.<\/li>\n
  2. Titanium Dioxide: The Misunderstood Pigment<\/em><\/a>, Marc Hirsch, 27 March 2020.<\/li>\n
  3. Optical Properties of Pigments: Absorption and Scattering<\/em><\/a>, Jochum Beetsma, 9 March 2022<\/li>\n
  4. Understanding Dispersants<\/em><\/a>, Marc Hirsch, 19 February 2016.<\/li>\n
  5. The Basics of Dispersion and Stabilization of Pigments and Fillers<\/em><\/a>, Jochum Beetsma, 12 February 2025<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is the most used white pigment for paints and for other systems. It gives a coating whiteness and opacity (= hiding power)1,2. Especially when volume prices of systems are used, the pigment is considered as being expensive. … Continued<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":19101,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"episode_type":"","audio_file":"","podmotor_file_id":"","podmotor_episode_id":"","cover_image":"","cover_image_id":"","duration":"","filesize":"","filesize_raw":"","date_recorded":"","explicit":"","block":"","itunes_episode_number":"","itunes_title":"","itunes_season_number":"","itunes_episode_type":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[16,1],"tags":[1173,1204,1205,1206,1207,1208,1209,1210,1211,1212],"ppma_author":[1235],"class_list":{"0":"post-21218","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-paint-coatings","8":"category-featured","9":"tag-paints-and-coating","10":"tag-absorption","11":"tag-crowding","12":"tag-hiding-power","13":"tag-opacity","14":"tag-refractive-index","15":"tag-scattering","16":"tag-separation","17":"tag-spacing","18":"tag-stabilization","19":"entry"},"yoast_head":"\nThe Efficient Use of TiO2 Pigment<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is the most used white pigment for paints and for other systems. 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