{"id":2203,"date":"2015-03-20T08:00:52","date_gmt":"2015-03-20T13:00:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\/knowledge\/?p=2203"},"modified":"2015-08-18T11:13:33","modified_gmt":"2015-08-18T16:13:33","slug":"pc-considerations-for-developing-wood-coatings","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/2203\/pc-considerations-for-developing-wood-coatings\/","title":{"rendered":"Considerations for Developing Wood Coatings"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-2214\" src=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/media\/2015\/03\/LumberSM-300x300.jpg\" alt=\"LumberSM\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/LumberSM-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/LumberSM-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/LumberSM-30x30.jpg 30w, https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/LumberSM-60x60.jpg 60w, https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/LumberSM-90x90.jpg 90w, https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/LumberSM.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/>Wood\u00a0has been used as a building material for thousands of years due to its availability, low weight to strength ratio and, in many applications, high aesthetic quality. However, as a paintable substrate, it also provides some unique challenges and considerations, as wood is a dynamic, porous (cellular structure) and hygroscopic material. A few considerations include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><em>Moisture content<\/em><\/strong> \u2013 kiln dried wood absorbs water until it reaches equilibrium with relative humidity. Moisture content can vary from about 6% to 30%.<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>Expansion and contraction<\/em><\/strong> \u2013 See Table I<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>Age, wood cut geometry and type of wood<\/em><\/strong> &#8211;\u00a0(e.g. hardwood or softwood etc.) &#8211; determines paint receptivity (moderately aged wood &gt; new wood or very old wood)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><em>Table I \u2013 Percent Dimensional Change of Wood as Moisture Content Varies from 5 to 15%<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-2205\" src=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/media\/2015\/03\/Screen-Shot-2015-03-18-at-1.21.08-PM.png\" alt=\"woodcoatings1\" width=\"929\" height=\"148\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/Screen-Shot-2015-03-18-at-1.21.08-PM.png 929w, https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/Screen-Shot-2015-03-18-at-1.21.08-PM-300x48.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 929px) 100vw, 929px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>For a 10 cm thick wood section, a fluctuation in Relative Humidity of about 10% means a change in a tangential longitudinal wood piece of 3.5 mm (or 3,500 microns). Accordingly, these relatively large dimensional changes produce cracks as the wood looses elasticity due to aging. Thus a properly designed wood coating must have the requisite flexibility to accommodate these dimensional changes without cracking. Wood is comprised of about 75% cellulose and hemicellulose and 25% lignin, resins and low molecular weight phenolics. In exterior applications, wood is susceptible to degradation and subsequent erosion due to exposure to UV degradation, oxygen, moisture and biological activity. When exposed to the elements, the lower molecular weight materials will degrade to form water-soluble compounds that wash out whereas the more stable cellulosic molecules remain to form a white-grey color.<\/p>\n<p>Other wood products include chipboard, which is made by pressing wood chips and an adhesive binder into sheets and then curing the sheets. Chipboard is used in furniture manufacture as a surface for the application of a wood veneer. Chipboard has more dimensional stability than wood.<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Resin types and curing chemistry<\/em><\/strong> used in wood coating applications vary dramatically depending on the market as well as whether the coating is designed for functional and\/or aesthetic quality, is meant for mass production in factories or for use directly by the consumer, interior or exterior and whether it is pigmented or clear. For the sake of brevity, this article is limited in scope to non-architectural finishes. Other than architectural, other major categories of wood coatings include furniture finishes, flooring, paneling and siding. Traditional finishing of wood furniture requires multiple finishing steps, with high <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\/en\/na\/Coatings\/search?k=+volatile+organic+compounds&amp;st=31\" target=\"_blank\">volatile organic compounds (VOC)<\/a> (<a href=\"http:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\/en\/eu\/Coatings\/search?k=volatile+organic%20compounds&amp;st=31\" target=\"_blank\">EU<\/a>), low solid lacquers comprised of <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\/en\/na\/Coatings\/search?k=nitrocellulose&amp;st=31\" target=\"_blank\">nitrocellulose (NC) <\/a>(<a href=\"http:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\/en\/eu\/Coatings\/search?k=nitrocellulose&amp;st=31\" target=\"_blank\">EU<\/a>), <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\/en\/na\/Coatings\/search?k=plasticizers&amp;st=31\" target=\"_blank\">plasticizers <\/a>(<a href=\"http:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\/en\/eu\/Coatings\/search?k=plasticizers&amp;st=31\" target=\"_blank\">EU<\/a>), and sometimes\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\/en\/na\/Coatings\/Applications\/19534\/Wood-and-Furniture-Coatings\/search?k=isocyanate&amp;st=31\" target=\"_blank\">isocyanate<\/a> (<a href=\"http:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\/en\/eu\/Coatings\/search?k=isocyanate&amp;st=31\" target=\"_blank\">EU<\/a>) modified versions of NC for improved solvent and chemical resistance. Due primarily to EPA regulations, many new technologies have displaced these finishes.<\/p>\n<p>Technologies used to provide a lower VOC include high solids, waterborne, powder, and UV cures. Table II lists some of the <strong><em>high solids<\/em><\/strong> resin chemistries employed in the furniture industry to provide a quality finish along with typical characteristics:<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-2206\" src=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/media\/2015\/03\/Screen-Shot-2015-03-18-at-1.21.17-PM.png\" alt=\"woodcoatings2\" width=\"539\" height=\"398\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/Screen-Shot-2015-03-18-at-1.21.17-PM.png 539w, https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/Screen-Shot-2015-03-18-at-1.21.17-PM-300x222.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 539px) 100vw, 539px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>The VOC of traditional furniture finishes such as those based on alkyd-aminoplasts can be further decreased by heating the paint to enable viscosity reduction through the use of heat rather than solvent. Many furniture finishes are forced dried at 60<strong>\u00b0<\/strong> to 70<strong>\u00b0<\/strong> C for 20 minutes. Care must be taken when <strong><em>waterborne coatings<\/em><\/strong> are used as this results in excessive grain raising. Thermosetting latex and water reducible one component melamine and two component coatings are also used.<\/p>\n<p>Water born <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\/en\/na\/Coatings\/Applications\/19534\/Wood-and-Furniture-Coatings\/search?k=hydroxy&amp;st=31\" target=\"_blank\">hydroxy<\/a> (<a href=\"http:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\/en\/eu\/Coatings\/search?k=hydroxy&amp;st=31\" target=\"_blank\">EU<\/a>) functional <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\/en\/na\/Coatings\/Formulation\/search?k=Acrylic+Resins&amp;sug=1&amp;st=31\" target=\"_blank\">acrylic resins<\/a> (<a href=\"http:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\/en\/eu\/Coatings\/Formulation\/search?k=Acrylic+Resins&amp;sug=1&amp;st=31\" target=\"_blank\">EU<\/a>) can be cured with acid catalyzed <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\/en\/na\/Coatings\/search?k=melamine&amp;st=31\" target=\"_blank\">melamine<\/a> (<a href=\"http:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\/en\/eu\/Coatings\/search?k=melamine&amp;st=31\" target=\"_blank\">EU<\/a>) (1K) or isocyanate (2K) <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\/en\/na\/Coatings\/search?k=crosslinker&amp;st=31\" target=\"_blank\">crosslinkers<\/a> (<a href=\"http:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\/en\/eu\/Coatings\/search?k=crosslinker&amp;st=31\" target=\"_blank\">EU<\/a>) or sometimes with polyaziridine crosslinkers (for reaction with <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\/en\/na\/Coatings\/search?k=carboxy&amp;st=31\" target=\"_blank\">carboxy<\/a> (<a href=\"http:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\/en\/eu\/Coatings\/search?k=carboxy&amp;st=31\" target=\"_blank\">EU<\/a>) functional groups on the latex).<\/p>\n<p>Lastly, a high number of furniture finishes employ solvent free <strong><em>UV curable<\/em><\/strong> acrylic finishes as these are reported to offer abrasion and chemical resistance in both high or semigloss qualities. <strong><em>Waterborne UV cure finishes<\/em><\/strong> have the added advantage of providing the ability to provide a low gloss finish. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\/en\/na\/Coatings\/Formulations\/4892\/Wood-Coatings\/search?k=UV+curable&amp;st=31\" target=\"_blank\">UV curables<\/a> (<a href=\"http:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\/en\/eu\/Coatings\/search?k=UV+curables&amp;st=31\" target=\"_blank\">EU<\/a>) are particularly attractive for furniture applications as they provide low temperature and fast cure performance attributes. Lastly, both UV cure and thermal <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\/en\/na\/Coatings\/search?k=cure+powder%20coating&amp;st=31\" target=\"_blank\"><strong><em>cure powder coatings<\/em><\/strong><\/a> (<a href=\"http:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\/en\/eu\/Coatings\/search?k=cure+powder+coatings&amp;st=31\" target=\"_blank\">EU<\/a>) are used on medium density fiberboard as the surface has low porosity and is homogeneous, thus well suited for a <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\/en\/na\/Coatings\/search?k=powder+coating%20finish&amp;st=31\" target=\"_blank\">powder coating finish<\/a> (<a href=\"http:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\/en\/eu\/Coatings\/search?k=powder+coating+finish&amp;st=31\" target=\"_blank\">EU<\/a>). Applications include kitchen and bath cabinets, office furniture, doors and ready-to-assemble furniture.<\/p>\n<p>High volumes of coatings are applied for <strong><em>panel, siding and flooring applications<\/em><\/strong>. As opposed to wood, hardboard can withstand higher bake temperatures and, unlike wood, does not suffer from grain raising as do waterborne coatings. Table III lists a number of different technologies that are employed for kitchen cabinets, paneling, siding and flooring applications.<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Table III \u2013 Technologies for Wood Paneling, Siding, and Flooring Finishes<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-2207\" src=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/media\/2015\/03\/Screen-Shot-2015-03-18-at-1.21.28-PM.png\" alt=\"woodcoatings3\" width=\"916\" height=\"344\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/Screen-Shot-2015-03-18-at-1.21.28-PM.png 916w, https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/Screen-Shot-2015-03-18-at-1.21.28-PM-300x113.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 916px) 100vw, 916px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>For additional information concerning resins and raw materials listed for wood coating applications, please go to <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\/\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">www.ulprospector.com<\/span><\/a> and enter wood in the keyword search.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Wood\u00a0has been used as a building material for thousands of years due to its availability, low weight to strength ratio and, in many applications, high aesthetic quality. However, as a paintable substrate, it also provides some unique challenges and considerations, &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/2203\/pc-considerations-for-developing-wood-coatings\/\">Continued<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":2213,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"episode_type":"","audio_file":"","podmotor_file_id":"","podmotor_episode_id":"","cover_image":"","cover_image_id":"","duration":"","filesize":"","filesize_raw":"","date_recorded":"","explicit":"","block":"","itunes_episode_number":"","itunes_title":"","itunes_season_number":"","itunes_episode_type":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[16],"tags":[107],"ppma_author":[1249],"class_list":{"0":"post-2203","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-paint-coatings","8":"tag-waterborne-coatings","9":"entry"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Considerations for Developing Wood Coatings<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Wood is a dynamic material &amp; presents special challenges for formulators of wood coatings. 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Lewarchik, President and CEO of Chemical Dynamics, LLC, brings 40 years of paint and coatings industry expertise to his role as a contributing author with the Prospector Knowledge Center. As a contributing writer, Ron pens articles on topics relevant to formulators in the coatings industry. He also serves as a consultant for the Prospector materials search engine, advising on issues related to optimization and organization materials within the database. Ron's company, Chemical Dynamics, LLC (www.chemicaldynamics.net), is a full-service paint and coatings firm specializing in consulting and product development based in Plymouth, Michigan. Since 2004, he has provided consulting, product development, contract research, feasibility studies, failure mode analysis and more for a wide range of clients, as well as their suppliers, customers and coaters. He has also served as an Adjunct Research Professor at the Coatings Research Institute of Eastern Michigan University. As such, Ron was awarded a sub-grant from the Department of Energy to develop energy-saving coating technology for architectural applications, as well as grants from private industry to develop low energy cure, low VOC compliant coatings. He taught courses on color and application of automotive top coats, cathodic electro-coat and surface treatment. His experience includes coatings for automotive, coil, architectural, industrial and product finishing. Previously, Ron was the Vice President of Industrial Research and Technology, as well as the Global Director of Coil Coating Technology for BASF (Morton International). During his fourteen-year tenure with the company, he developed innovative coil coating commercial products primarily for roofing, residential, commercial and industrial building, as well as industrial and automotive applications. He was awarded fifteen patents for new resin and coating formulas. From 1974 to 1990, Ron held positions with Desoto, Inc. and PPG Industries. He was the winner of two R&amp;D awards for coatings utilizing PVDF resins, developed the first commercial high solids automotive topcoat and was awarded 39 U.S. patents for a variety of novel technologies he developed. He holds a Masters in Physical Organic Chemistry from the University of Pittsburgh and subsequently studied Polymer Science at Carnegie Mellon University. Ron lives in Brighton, Michigan with his family. Contact Ron via email\u00a0or through his company\u2019s web site at www.chemicaldynamics.net to learn more about his consulting services\u2026\",\"sameAs\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/ulprospector.ul.com\"],\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ulprospector.ul.com\\\/author\\\/ron-lewarchik\\\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Considerations for Developing Wood Coatings","description":"Wood is a dynamic material & presents special challenges for formulators of wood coatings. 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Lewarchik, President and CEO of Chemical Dynamics, LLC, brings 40 years of paint and coatings industry expertise to his role as a contributing author with the Prospector Knowledge Center. As a contributing writer, Ron pens articles on topics relevant to formulators in the coatings industry. He also serves as a consultant for the Prospector materials search engine, advising on issues related to optimization and organization materials within the database. Ron's company, Chemical Dynamics, LLC (www.chemicaldynamics.net), is a full-service paint and coatings firm specializing in consulting and product development based in Plymouth, Michigan. Since 2004, he has provided consulting, product development, contract research, feasibility studies, failure mode analysis and more for a wide range of clients, as well as their suppliers, customers and coaters. He has also served as an Adjunct Research Professor at the Coatings Research Institute of Eastern Michigan University. As such, Ron was awarded a sub-grant from the Department of Energy to develop energy-saving coating technology for architectural applications, as well as grants from private industry to develop low energy cure, low VOC compliant coatings. He taught courses on color and application of automotive top coats, cathodic electro-coat and surface treatment. His experience includes coatings for automotive, coil, architectural, industrial and product finishing. Previously, Ron was the Vice President of Industrial Research and Technology, as well as the Global Director of Coil Coating Technology for BASF (Morton International). During his fourteen-year tenure with the company, he developed innovative coil coating commercial products primarily for roofing, residential, commercial and industrial building, as well as industrial and automotive applications. He was awarded fifteen patents for new resin and coating formulas. From 1974 to 1990, Ron held positions with Desoto, Inc. and PPG Industries. He was the winner of two R&amp;D awards for coatings utilizing PVDF resins, developed the first commercial high solids automotive topcoat and was awarded 39 U.S. patents for a variety of novel technologies he developed. He holds a Masters in Physical Organic Chemistry from the University of Pittsburgh and subsequently studied Polymer Science at Carnegie Mellon University. Ron lives in Brighton, Michigan with his family. 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