{"id":3152,"date":"2015-10-02T08:00:40","date_gmt":"2015-10-02T13:00:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\/knowledge\/?p=3152"},"modified":"2018-03-19T14:41:38","modified_gmt":"2018-03-19T20:41:38","slug":"pc-fundamentals-corrosion-protection","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/3152\/pc-fundamentals-corrosion-protection\/","title":{"rendered":"Fundamentals of Corrosion Protection"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"corrosion1\"<\/a>In 2013, the direct cost of corrosion was 3.1% of the 15.1 trillion in U.S. GDP, which in June 2013 is estimated to equal $500.7\u00a0billion<\/a>.\u00a0Corrosion<\/em>\u00a0is a an electrochemical process where the metal is oxidized by virtue of interaction with its environment, which results in the metal returning to its most stable oxidative state. This article will discuss those factors that influence corrosion, especially in regard to the use of coatings designed to protect the metal to which they\u2019re applied. Accordingly, consideration of the fundamental factors that influence corrosion processes as it relates to the use of organic coatings will be considered herein.<\/p>\n

Metals desire to be in their most thermodynamically stable state, which, in simplified terms, is the naturally occurring state of matter in its lowest energy state. Metals ordinarily exist naturally as oxides (e.g.\u00a0iron oxide<\/a>,\u00a0aluminum oxide<\/a>,\u00a0zinc oxide<\/a>\u00a0etc.), because oxides represent their lowest energy state. Oxidation occurs at the anode (positive electrode) and reduction occurs at the cathode (negative electrode). Corrosion is normally accelerated by the presence of water, oxygen, and salts (particularly of strong acids).<\/p>\n

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\"Figure
Figure I \u2013 Corrosion of Common Metals<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Figure I lists a series of metals and their ability to resist corrosion. The most\u00a0common metals used in industry include steel (cold rolled and hot rolled steel), aluminum, galvanized steel (hot dip and electrogalvanized steel) as well as galvalume. The latter two\u00a0metal substrates utilize either a\u00a0zinc<\/a>\u00a0layer or an aluminum\/zinc layer respectively on the surface of the steel to enhance corrosion resistance.<\/p>\n

Even though aluminum and zinc are less noble than steel, when not coated with an\u00a0organic coating<\/a>, they provide longer-term improved corrosion resistance than steel. When steel rusts, the corrosion product (ferric oxide<\/a>) is loosely attached to the surface, whereas in the case of aluminum or a zinc\/aluminum alloy, the corrosion products form a more tightly knit adherent layer to the metal surface that decreases the subsequent rate of corrosion (Table III).<\/p>\n

\"Table
Table III \u2013 Corrosion Loss of Uncoated Metals in microns\/year in Various Environments. Exterior Durability of Organic Coatings, Eric V. Schmid, FMJ International, 1988<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Multiple factors influence the performance of organic coatings<\/em> over an oxidizable substrate. First and foremost is the initial and wet adhesion when the coated substrate is exposed to the environment in which it is expected to perform. If a coating does not offer excellent adhesion and ultimately wet adhesion, the coating will fail at the metal interface. Additional considerations are the metal type (e.g. steel, aluminum, galvanized etc.) and the pretreatment and cleanliness of the surface. If the metal surface is not properly cleaned and prepared, the coating will lack adequate adhesion and premature failure will result.<\/p>\n

Organic coatings are semipermeable membranes and their ability to provide a barrier to the penetration of plays an important role in providing protection to the metal surface. Environmental factors that influence the rate of corrosion include moisture, pH of the moisture, wet and dry cycles,\u00a0soluble salts<\/a>, temperature and time. For example, moisture, soluble salts, higher temperatures and longer exposure times all normally exacerbate corrosion of coated metal. Film thickness plays a vital roll in deterring the penetration of moisture, salts and oxygen as thicker films deter the ingress of the environment.<\/p>\n

Pigment selection, PVC and the use of corrosion inhibitive pigments all impact corrosion resistance, film permeability, and corrosion passivation. The proper choice of\u00a0corrosion inhibitive pigments<\/a><\/em>\u00a0can help ameliorate the rate of corrosion through cathodic and\/or anodic inhibition. Cathodic inhibition disrupts the flow of electrons at the cathode (-) through the supply of electrons from a less noble metal (e.g. zinc as in a zinc rich coating), or a suitable corrosion inhibitive pigment that is present in the coating. Anodic inhibition disrupts the flow of electrons at the anode (+) for example by anions (e.g. PO4 anion). Please see the July 3, 2014 Prospector article for additional information on\u00a0corrosion inhibitive pigments<\/a>, as well as the August 15, 2014 Prospector article that details the effect of\u00a0pigment volume concentration<\/a>\u00a0on coatings properties.<\/p>\n

\"corrosion3\"<\/a>Figure I displays the effect of pH on the rate of corrosion. The rate of corrosion is constant between pH of 4 \u2013 10 and greatly accelerates at a pH lower than 4 and decreases above a pH of 10. The byproducts of metal corrosion are normally basic, accordingly the selection of a resin that provides saponification\u00a0resistance is an important consideration along with the selection of a resin\/coating system that provides wet adhesion and minimizes the penetration of moisture and oxygen. For example most\u00a0alkyds<\/a>\u00a0are prone to saponification as the ester linkages hydrolyze. As resin Tg and cross-link density increase, moisture and oxygen penetration decrease. In addition, low permeability rates help to provide wet adhesion as less water will desorb when the coating is removed from it\u2019s service environment. Resins with a high amount of aromatic character (bisphenol A<\/a>\u00a0based epoxies, polycarbonate and styrenated resins) have\u00a0low oxygen permeability<\/em>. Many halogenated resins such as poly (vinyl chloride<\/a>), chlorinated rubber and fluorinated polymers such as poly (vinylidene fluoride) all have low water solubility and thus\u00a0low moisture permeability rates<\/a>\u00a0<\/em>(Table II).<\/p>\n

\"PermeabilityCoefficient2\"<\/p>\n

In summary, the formulation of coatings to deter corrosion is a complex undertaking and depends on the metal substrate, resin selection, service environment, and the pigment level and type. For additional information concerning\u00a0 resin and material selection to formulate corrosion inhibitive coatings, please navigate to\u00a0www.ulprospector.com<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

In 2013, the direct cost of corrosion was 3.1% of the 15.1 trillion in U.S. GDP, which in June 2013 is estimated to equal $500.7\u00a0billion.\u00a0Corrosion\u00a0is a an electrochemical process where the metal is oxidized by virtue of interaction with its … Continued<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":3190,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"episode_type":"","audio_file":"","podmotor_file_id":"","podmotor_episode_id":"","cover_image":"","cover_image_id":"","duration":"","filesize":"","filesize_raw":"","date_recorded":"","explicit":"","block":"","itunes_episode_number":"","itunes_title":"","itunes_season_number":"","itunes_episode_type":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[16],"tags":[122],"ppma_author":[1249],"class_list":{"0":"post-3152","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-paint-coatings","8":"tag-overview","9":"entry"},"yoast_head":"\nFundamentals of Corrosion Protection | Prospector<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Formulating coatings that deter corrosion is a complex undertaking. 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Lewarchik, President and CEO of Chemical Dynamics, LLC, brings 40 years of paint and coatings industry expertise to his role as a contributing author with the Prospector Knowledge Center. As a contributing writer, Ron pens articles on topics relevant to formulators in the coatings industry. He also serves as a consultant for the Prospector materials search engine, advising on issues related to optimization and organization materials within the database. Ron's company, Chemical Dynamics, LLC (www.chemicaldynamics.net), is a full-service paint and coatings firm specializing in consulting and product development based in Plymouth, Michigan. Since 2004, he has provided consulting, product development, contract research, feasibility studies, failure mode analysis and more for a wide range of clients, as well as their suppliers, customers and coaters. He has also served as an Adjunct Research Professor at the Coatings Research Institute of Eastern Michigan University. As such, Ron was awarded a sub-grant from the Department of Energy to develop energy-saving coating technology for architectural applications, as well as grants from private industry to develop low energy cure, low VOC compliant coatings. He taught courses on color and application of automotive top coats, cathodic electro-coat and surface treatment. His experience includes coatings for automotive, coil, architectural, industrial and product finishing. Previously, Ron was the Vice President of Industrial Research and Technology, as well as the Global Director of Coil Coating Technology for BASF (Morton International). During his fourteen-year tenure with the company, he developed innovative coil coating commercial products primarily for roofing, residential, commercial and industrial building, as well as industrial and automotive applications. He was awarded fifteen patents for new resin and coating formulas. From 1974 to 1990, Ron held positions with Desoto, Inc. and PPG Industries. 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Lewarchik, President and CEO of Chemical Dynamics, LLC, brings 40 years of paint and coatings industry expertise to his role as a contributing author with the Prospector Knowledge Center. As a contributing writer, Ron pens articles on topics relevant to formulators in the coatings industry. He also serves as a consultant for the Prospector materials search engine, advising on issues related to optimization and organization materials within the database. Ron's company, Chemical Dynamics, LLC (www.chemicaldynamics.net), is a full-service paint and coatings firm specializing in consulting and product development based in Plymouth, Michigan. Since 2004, he has provided consulting, product development, contract research, feasibility studies, failure mode analysis and more for a wide range of clients, as well as their suppliers, customers and coaters. He has also served as an Adjunct Research Professor at the Coatings Research Institute of Eastern Michigan University. As such, Ron was awarded a sub-grant from the Department of Energy to develop energy-saving coating technology for architectural applications, as well as grants from private industry to develop low energy cure, low VOC compliant coatings. He taught courses on color and application of automotive top coats, cathodic electro-coat and surface treatment. His experience includes coatings for automotive, coil, architectural, industrial and product finishing. Previously, Ron was the Vice President of Industrial Research and Technology, as well as the Global Director of Coil Coating Technology for BASF (Morton International). During his fourteen-year tenure with the company, he developed innovative coil coating commercial products primarily for roofing, residential, commercial and industrial building, as well as industrial and automotive applications. He was awarded fifteen patents for new resin and coating formulas. From 1974 to 1990, Ron held positions with Desoto, Inc. and PPG Industries. He was the winner of two R&D awards for coatings utilizing PVDF resins, developed the first commercial high solids automotive topcoat and was awarded 39 U.S. patents for a variety of novel technologies he developed. He holds a Masters in Physical Organic Chemistry from the University of Pittsburgh and subsequently studied Polymer Science at Carnegie Mellon University. Ron lives in Brighton, Michigan with his family. Contact Ron via email\u00a0or through his company\u2019s web site at www.chemicaldynamics.net to learn more about his consulting services\u2026","sameAs":["https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com"],"url":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/author\/ron-lewarchik\/"}]}},"authors":[{"term_id":1249,"user_id":12,"is_guest":0,"slug":"ron-lewarchik","display_name":"Ron Lewarchik","avatar_url":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/media\/2014\/05\/Ron-Lewarchik_avatar_1399393591-96x96.png","0":null,"1":"","2":"","3":"","4":"","5":"","6":"","7":"","8":""}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3152","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/12"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3152"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3152\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3190"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3152"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3152"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3152"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ppma_author?post=3152"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}