{"id":3778,"date":"2016-02-05T08:00:43","date_gmt":"2016-02-05T13:00:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\/knowledge\/?p=3778"},"modified":"2024-06-26T09:01:29","modified_gmt":"2024-06-26T15:01:29","slug":"pc-uv-led-curable-coatings-wait-can-cure-speed-light","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/3778\/pc-uv-led-curable-coatings-wait-can-cure-speed-light\/","title":{"rendered":"UV-LED Curable Coatings \u2013 Why Wait When You Can Cure at the Speed of Light"},"content":{"rendered":"

UV-LED Curable Coatings offer a high-speed light curing process with a number of advantages over more conventional cure processes. Multiple advantages include High speed, lower energy requirements, little or no VOC, less production space, less dirt collection, high quality finish, rapid processing<\/strong><\/em> as well as instant on-off with some UV light technologies also expedite production and energy savings. UV Curable<\/a> paint finishes have existed since the 1960\u2019s and are based on polymerization reactions including free radical and cation-initiated chain-growth polymerization. As the majority of coatings for UV cure coating utilize free radical polymerization (>90% of market), this article will focus primarily on free radical polymerization initiated by a photoinitiator (Fig. 1):<\/p>\n

\"Figure<\/p>\n

The types of unsaturation used in UV\/EB cure coatings are provided in Table I, with by far the largest type being acrylate.<\/p>\n

\"Table
Table I \u2013 Type of Unsaturation used in UV\/EB Cure<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Photoinitiator<\/strong><\/em> considerations primarily include two different characteristics of the photoinitiator\u2019s absorption curve. First, is the maximum wavelength (Lambda Max) of light that is absorbed by the PI and second, the strength of this absorption (molar extinction coefficient). Photoinitiators <\/a>developed for curing pigmented films normally have higher molar extinction coefficients at longer wavelengths between 300 nm to 450 nm than those for curing clear formulations. To maximize cure and efficiency, the PI\u2019s absorbance must match the light output of the lamp as different lamps have different spectral outputs (see Table I). Longer wave- length light is also essential to enhance cure in thicker coatings. Newer PI\u2019s have also enabled the formulation of pigmented coatings in addition to that of clear coatings. The general cure considerations influenced by color, PVC, pigment particle size and film thickness are summarized in Fig. 2:<\/p>\n

\"Figure
Figure 2 \u2013 UV Cure Considerations. Image: Ciba \u2013 Geigy literature<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

There are two main types of free radical photoinitiators, Type I and Type II<\/strong><\/em>. Type I photoinitiators undergo cleavage upon irradiation to form two free radicals. Normally only one of these free radicals is reactive and thus initiates polymerization. 1-hydroxy-cyclohexylphenyl-ketone is a widely used Type I PI. Type II photoinitiators form an excited state upon irradiation, and abstract an atom or electron from a donor molecule (synergist). The donor molecule in turn initiates polymerization. An example of a widely used Type II photoinitiator is benzophenone. Tertiary amines<\/a> are typically used as synergists as they react with benzophenone, and also retard the inhibition of polymerization by oxygen. Acrylated tertiary amine compounds are used when odor and extractables are of concern. Oxygen<\/strong><\/em> can also inhibit cure especially in thin films; to counteract oxygen inhibition, coatings can use amine synergists, be cured under a nitrogen atmosphere, employ the addition of wax, high initiator concentration, more intense UV Light, and\/or surface active initiators.<\/p>\n

Other key ingredients that determine the performance of UV Cure formulations include UV Curable Monomers and Oligomers<\/strong><\/em>. Figure 3 illustrates typical monomers<\/a> that are used along with performance characteristics.<\/p>\n

\"Table
Table II. General Performance Versus Monomer<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
\"Figure
Figure 3. Typical Monomers and Performance Characteristics<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
\n

Looking for curable ingedients for your fomulation?<\/h3>\n

Prospector has 1000\u2019s of listings for coatings materials, including technical data and the ability to request samples from global suppliers.<\/p>\n


\nGet Material Data
\n<\/a><\/h3>\n
\n

There are a number of UV curable oligomer <\/a>types available as well depending on the type of performance desired, please refer to Fig. 4 for a listing of some of the common oligomer types available along with an overview of performance characteristics.<\/p>\n

\"Figure
Figure 4 \u2013 UV Cure Oligomer Types\/Characteristics<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

In addition to 100% solid liquid UV coatings, other UV types include waterborne UV and powder UV. Waterborne UV curables have advantages over conventional UV cure as no reactive diluent is necessary to control viscosity. Also, as opposed to conventional UV cure formulations, the viscosity of the coating is independent of the molecular weight of the resin<\/a> and for spray application viscosity, solids are adjusted by adding water rather than low viscosity reactive monomer. In addition, since there are fewer double bonds to cure, shrinkage is lower and can thus improve adhesion. The main disadvantage is that the water needs to be removed by passing through an oven at about 80\u00b0C prior to UV curing. In powder UV cure coatings, the part is sprayed electrostatically. Automatic guns are recommended over manual application to ensure an even, consistent film thickness is applied. Next, the applied coating is baked in a convection, IR or oven to melt and flow the powder. This step is at a much lower temperature and less time (175-280 \u00b0F for a few seconds instead of 320-390\u00b0F for 5 to 20 minutes) for conventional powder coating. Once the powder is melt flowed, the parts enter a UV cure chamber that cure the coating in seconds instead of minutes, as with traditional thermal powder.<\/p>\n

Any discussion of UV-LED cure coatings is remiss without at least a short overview of UV-LED bulbs as well as the characteristics of each type. As illustrated in Table III.<\/p>\n

\"
Table III \u2013 Types of UV-LED Bulbs and their Characteristics<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

A final consideration of UV cure coatings is that they are normally line of sight. In other words, for complex three-dimensional surfaces, where the light does not shine, the coating will not cure. Also, most UV cure technologies provide optimum uniform cure on a two dimensional surface using focused light. LED curing has multiple advantages over more traditional UV cure technology such as low heat generation. This is ideal for curing heat sensitive substrates. In addition LED offers an ozone free environment, energy efficiency, and ultra long bulb life and the stable spectral output means consistent quality.<\/p>\n

For additional information concerning the selection of materials to enhance hydrophobicity, please navigate to www.ulprospector.com.<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

UV-LED Curable Coatings offer a high-speed light curing process with a number of advantages over more conventional cure processes. Multiple advantages include High speed, lower energy requirements, little or no VOC, less production space, less dirt collection, high quality finish, … Continued<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":3787,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"episode_type":"","audio_file":"","podmotor_file_id":"","podmotor_episode_id":"","cover_image":"","cover_image_id":"","duration":"","filesize":"","filesize_raw":"","date_recorded":"","explicit":"","block":"","itunes_episode_number":"","itunes_title":"","itunes_season_number":"","itunes_episode_type":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[16],"tags":[],"ppma_author":[1249],"class_list":{"0":"post-3778","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-paint-coatings","8":"entry"},"yoast_head":"\nUV-LED Curable Coatings \u2013 Why Wait When You Can Cure at the Speed of Light - Prospector Knowledge Center<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/3778\/pc-uv-led-curable-coatings-wait-can-cure-speed-light\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"UV-LED Curable Coatings \u2013 Why Wait When You Can Cure at the Speed of Light - Prospector Knowledge Center\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"UV-LED Curable Coatings offer a high-speed light curing process with a number of advantages over more conventional cure processes. 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Lewarchik, President and CEO of Chemical Dynamics, LLC, brings 40 years of paint and coatings industry expertise to his role as a contributing author with the Prospector Knowledge Center. As a contributing writer, Ron pens articles on topics relevant to formulators in the coatings industry. He also serves as a consultant for the Prospector materials search engine, advising on issues related to optimization and organization materials within the database. Ron's company, Chemical Dynamics, LLC (www.chemicaldynamics.net), is a full-service paint and coatings firm specializing in consulting and product development based in Plymouth, Michigan. Since 2004, he has provided consulting, product development, contract research, feasibility studies, failure mode analysis and more for a wide range of clients, as well as their suppliers, customers and coaters. He has also served as an Adjunct Research Professor at the Coatings Research Institute of Eastern Michigan University. As such, Ron was awarded a sub-grant from the Department of Energy to develop energy-saving coating technology for architectural applications, as well as grants from private industry to develop low energy cure, low VOC compliant coatings. He taught courses on color and application of automotive top coats, cathodic electro-coat and surface treatment. His experience includes coatings for automotive, coil, architectural, industrial and product finishing. Previously, Ron was the Vice President of Industrial Research and Technology, as well as the Global Director of Coil Coating Technology for BASF (Morton International). During his fourteen-year tenure with the company, he developed innovative coil coating commercial products primarily for roofing, residential, commercial and industrial building, as well as industrial and automotive applications. He was awarded fifteen patents for new resin and coating formulas. From 1974 to 1990, Ron held positions with Desoto, Inc. and PPG Industries. He was the winner of two R&D awards for coatings utilizing PVDF resins, developed the first commercial high solids automotive topcoat and was awarded 39 U.S. patents for a variety of novel technologies he developed. He holds a Masters in Physical Organic Chemistry from the University of Pittsburgh and subsequently studied Polymer Science at Carnegie Mellon University. Ron lives in Brighton, Michigan with his family. 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Lewarchik, President and CEO of Chemical Dynamics, LLC, brings 40 years of paint and coatings industry expertise to his role as a contributing author with the Prospector Knowledge Center. As a contributing writer, Ron pens articles on topics relevant to formulators in the coatings industry. He also serves as a consultant for the Prospector materials search engine, advising on issues related to optimization and organization materials within the database. Ron's company, Chemical Dynamics, LLC (www.chemicaldynamics.net), is a full-service paint and coatings firm specializing in consulting and product development based in Plymouth, Michigan. Since 2004, he has provided consulting, product development, contract research, feasibility studies, failure mode analysis and more for a wide range of clients, as well as their suppliers, customers and coaters. He has also served as an Adjunct Research Professor at the Coatings Research Institute of Eastern Michigan University. As such, Ron was awarded a sub-grant from the Department of Energy to develop energy-saving coating technology for architectural applications, as well as grants from private industry to develop low energy cure, low VOC compliant coatings. He taught courses on color and application of automotive top coats, cathodic electro-coat and surface treatment. His experience includes coatings for automotive, coil, architectural, industrial and product finishing. Previously, Ron was the Vice President of Industrial Research and Technology, as well as the Global Director of Coil Coating Technology for BASF (Morton International). During his fourteen-year tenure with the company, he developed innovative coil coating commercial products primarily for roofing, residential, commercial and industrial building, as well as industrial and automotive applications. He was awarded fifteen patents for new resin and coating formulas. From 1974 to 1990, Ron held positions with Desoto, Inc. and PPG Industries. He was the winner of two R&D awards for coatings utilizing PVDF resins, developed the first commercial high solids automotive topcoat and was awarded 39 U.S. patents for a variety of novel technologies he developed. He holds a Masters in Physical Organic Chemistry from the University of Pittsburgh and subsequently studied Polymer Science at Carnegie Mellon University. Ron lives in Brighton, Michigan with his family. Contact Ron via email\u00a0or through his company\u2019s web site at www.chemicaldynamics.net to learn more about his consulting services\u2026","sameAs":["https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com"],"url":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/author\/ron-lewarchik\/"}]}},"authors":[{"term_id":1249,"user_id":12,"is_guest":0,"slug":"ron-lewarchik","display_name":"Ron Lewarchik","avatar_url":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/media\/2014\/05\/Ron-Lewarchik_avatar_1399393591-96x96.png","0":null,"1":"","2":"","3":"","4":"","5":"","6":"","7":"","8":""}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3778","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/12"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3778"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3778\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3787"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3778"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3778"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3778"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ppma_author?post=3778"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}