{"id":3858,"date":"2016-02-19T08:00:38","date_gmt":"2016-02-19T14:00:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\/knowledge\/?p=3858"},"modified":"2023-02-01T10:24:41","modified_gmt":"2023-02-01T16:24:41","slug":"pc-understanding-dispersants","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/3858\/pc-understanding-dispersants\/","title":{"rendered":"Understanding Dispersants"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>The definition of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\/en\/na\/Coatings\/search?k=dispersant&amp;st=31\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dispersant<\/a>, in terms of physical chemistry, is: a material that, when incorporated in to an admixture, is capable of homogeneously maintaining the dispersed particles in suspension. Therefore, the goal is to distribute dry pigments into a liquid medium and eliminate agglomerates.<\/p>\n<p>Agglomerates are clumps of pigment, which, when not dispersed fully, affect many properties including\u00b9 :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Flocculation<\/li>\n<li>Flooding\/floating<\/li>\n<li>B\u00e9nard cells<\/li>\n<li>Color shift\/change<\/li>\n<li>Gloss decrease<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Several types of additives can be used in the dispersion process in which solid particles, like <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\/en\/na\/Coatings\/search?k=pigment&amp;st=31\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">pigments<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\/en\/na\/Coatings\/search?k=filler&amp;st=31\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">fillers<\/a>, are distributed and stabilized in a liquid. It is not enough to separate the particles, since they can re-agglomerate afterwards. This re-agglomeration is termed flocculation.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/media\/2016\/02\/Understanding-Dispersants-1.jpg\" alt=\"Understanding Dispersants 1\" width=\"596\" height=\"161\" \/><\/p>\n<p>In Figure 1, a light blue paint has been applied to a substrate. Due to poor dispersion or flocculation, when the paint is partially dry, a test for dispersion is the application of shear by a finger in a circular motion (\u201crub-out test\u201d). That energy in a semi-set paint film is sufficient to redistribute the pigment in the medium, resulting in the dark blue area. In addition to the dispersion of pigments, the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\/en\/na\/Coatings\/search?k=surfactant&amp;st=31\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">surfactant<\/a> displaces the air at the interface of the pigment particle. One of the more difficult materials to disperse has been single-walled carbon nanotubes, due to their morphology, and the strong attraction between the spindle-like particles which possess a high aspect ratio.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>Looking for dispersants for your coatings formulations?<\/h3>\n<p>Prospector has hundreds of listings for disperant materials with technical data and the ability to request samples.<\/p>\n<h3><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\/en\/na\/Coatings\/Product\/search?k=dispersant&amp;st=31\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><br \/>\nSearch Dispersants<br \/>\n<\/a><\/h3>\n<hr \/>\n<p>Dispersants absorb onto the pigment surface and therefore maintain pigment spacing<strong> by electrostatic repulsion<\/strong> and\/or<strong> steric hindrance<\/strong>. Both stabilization mechanisms are described below.<\/p>\n<h3>Electrostatic Repulsion<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/media\/2016\/02\/Understanding-Dispersants-2.jpg\" alt=\"Understanding Dispersants 2\" width=\"336\" height=\"192\" \/><\/h3>\n<p>The pigment particles in the liquid paint carry electrical charges on their surfaces. Ideally, through the use of additives, it is possible to make all pigment particles equally charged. Counterions to the pigment-surface ions, concentrate at the pigment surfaces (in the liquid phase) so that an \u201celectrical doublelayer\u201d is formed (Figure 3). This is the ideal case and never wholly occurs practically.<\/p>\n<p>The additives used for dispersion in such systems are<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\/en\/na\/Coatings\/search?k=polyelectrolyte&amp;st=31\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> polyelectrolytes<\/a> \u2013 higher molecular weight moieties which contain a multitude of electrical charges in the side chains. The combination of side chains with a multitude of electrical charges, makes these chemicals useless as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\/en\/na\/Coatings\/search?k=&quot;wetting+agent&quot;&amp;st=31\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wetting agents<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h3>Steric Stabilization\/Hindrance<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/media\/2016\/02\/Understanding-Dispersants-3.jpg\" alt=\"Understanding Dispersants 3\" width=\"305\" height=\"346\" \/><\/h3>\n<p>Dispersing additives, which function by steric hindrance, display two structural features. First, the products contain resin-compatible chains (hydro-carbon units) which, after adsorption of the additive onto the pigment surface, project into the surrounding resin solution. This layer of adsorbed additive molecules with the protruding chains is referred to as steric hindrance or \u201centropic stabilization\u201d (Figure 4).<\/p>\n<p>Second, these materials contain one or more groups that have a strong affinity to attach to the pigment, also known as \u201canchor groups\u201d \u2013 that all together provide a strong, durable adsorption onto the pigment surface.<\/p>\n<p>Steric stabilization occurs in solvent-borne systems and in water-reducible systems which contain solvated resins. Structural features composed of pigment affinic groups (polar) and resin-compatible chains (non-polar), these additives exhibit surface-active properties. Therefore, they not only stabilize the pigment dispersion, but they also function as wetting agents.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Author\u2019s Note:<\/strong>\u00a0In previous articles, topics like \u201cSurfactants,\u201d and \u201cThe Differences Between Wetting Agents and Dispersants\u201d have been discussed. Here I solely present the subject of dispersants. If there is any confusion between the roles of wetting agents and dispersants, I suggest you read the latter article.<\/p>\n<h3>References:<\/h3>\n<p>[1] <a href=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/451\/coating-film-defects\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Coating Film Defects<\/a>, Jochum Beetsma, UL Prospector 4\/18\/2014<br \/>\n[2] <a href=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/1579\/pc-hydrophobic-pigments-flooding-and-floating\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dispersing &amp; Wetting Hydrophobic Pigments &amp; Fillers in Water-Based Paints to Avoid Pigment Flooding &amp; Floating,<\/a> Ron Lewarchik, UL Prospector 12\/5\/2014<br \/>\n[3]\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.inkline.gr\/inkjet\/newtech\/tech\/dispersion\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dispersing Process<\/a>, www.inkline.gr<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The definition of dispersant, in terms of physical chemistry, is: a material that, when incorporated in to an admixture, is capable of homogeneously maintaining the dispersed particles in suspension. Therefore, the goal is to distribute dry pigments into a liquid &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/3858\/pc-understanding-dispersants\/\">Continued<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":26,"featured_media":3094,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"episode_type":"","audio_file":"","podmotor_file_id":"","podmotor_episode_id":"","cover_image":"","cover_image_id":"","duration":"","filesize":"","filesize_raw":"","date_recorded":"","explicit":"","block":"","itunes_episode_number":"","itunes_title":"","itunes_season_number":"","itunes_episode_type":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[16],"tags":[],"ppma_author":[1242],"class_list":{"0":"post-3858","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-paint-coatings","8":"entry"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Understanding Dispersants - Prospector Knowledge Center<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/3858\/pc-understanding-dispersants\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Understanding Dispersants - Prospector Knowledge Center\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The definition of dispersant, in terms of physical chemistry, is: a material that, when incorporated in to an admixture, is capable of homogeneously maintaining the dispersed particles in suspension. Therefore, the goal is to distribute dry pigments into a liquid &hellip; Continued\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/3858\/pc-understanding-dispersants\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Prospector Knowledge Center\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2016-02-19T14:00:38+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2023-02-01T16:24:41+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/WaterborneResins03.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"800\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"494\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Marc Hirsch\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Marc Hirsch\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"3 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ulprospector.ul.com\\\/3858\\\/pc-understanding-dispersants\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ulprospector.ul.com\\\/3858\\\/pc-understanding-dispersants\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Marc Hirsch\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ulprospector.ul.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/fb78ed0595f13dfe0e9db2b27d5c7ad8\"},\"headline\":\"Understanding Dispersants\",\"datePublished\":\"2016-02-19T14:00:38+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2023-02-01T16:24:41+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ulprospector.ul.com\\\/3858\\\/pc-understanding-dispersants\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":605,\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ulprospector.ul.com\\\/3858\\\/pc-understanding-dispersants\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ulprospector.ul.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2015\\\/09\\\/WaterborneResins03.jpg\",\"articleSection\":[\"Paint &amp; 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Associates from 2011 to present. In his career, he has formulated architectural, industrial, military and specialty coatings. He has also worked with and formulated adhesives, inks, and construction products and in general is a material science generalist. He has a keen interest in Sustainable and Bio-based paints, inks, adhesives and elastomers. He was a Developmental Scientist in the Advanced Materials group at Luna Labs 2004-2008, formulating military coatings and adhesives. Previously, he was at Dow Chemical (1999-2004) as the applications and development manager in Core R&amp;D in the Coatings &amp; Functional Polymers Group. He also managed the TS&amp;D group for coatings while at Dow Chemical (1995-99) and held positions at Rhodia (Laboratory Manager, Latex &amp; Specialty Polymers (1989-95)) and was the Development Chemist, exterior latex paints at Benjamin Moore &amp; Co. (1979-89). Mr. Hirsch has served in a consultancy capacity as a Director with the ChemQuest group, (chemquest.com) June 2021-March 2025 at OmniTech (omnitechintl.com) (2015-2022) for soy-based adhesives and coatings, Daikin America (daikin-america.com) (2011-2015) fluoropolymers and materials, and also with organizations that provide formal mentoring (TORCH 2018-present), coaching and leadership training, as well as the facilitation of problem-solving teams. He has several granted patents, many patent applications and internal disclosures for trade secrets. Connect with Marc on LinkedIn...\",\"sameAs\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/ulprospector.ul.com\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.linkedin.com\\\/in\\\/marchirsch\\\/\"],\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ulprospector.ul.com\\\/author\\\/marc-hirsch\\\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Understanding Dispersants - Prospector Knowledge Center","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/3858\/pc-understanding-dispersants\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Understanding Dispersants - Prospector Knowledge Center","og_description":"The definition of dispersant, in terms of physical chemistry, is: a material that, when incorporated in to an admixture, is capable of homogeneously maintaining the dispersed particles in suspension. 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In his career, he has formulated architectural, industrial, military and specialty coatings. He has also worked with and formulated adhesives, inks, and construction products and in general is a material science generalist. He has a keen interest in Sustainable and Bio-based paints, inks, adhesives and elastomers. He was a Developmental Scientist in the Advanced Materials group at Luna Labs 2004-2008, formulating military coatings and adhesives. Previously, he was at Dow Chemical (1999-2004) as the applications and development manager in Core R&amp;D in the Coatings &amp; Functional Polymers Group. He also managed the TS&amp;D group for coatings while at Dow Chemical (1995-99) and held positions at Rhodia (Laboratory Manager, Latex &amp; Specialty Polymers (1989-95)) and was the Development Chemist, exterior latex paints at Benjamin Moore &amp; Co. (1979-89). Mr. Hirsch has served in a consultancy capacity as a Director with the ChemQuest group, (chemquest.com) June 2021-March 2025 at OmniTech (omnitechintl.com) (2015-2022) for soy-based adhesives and coatings, Daikin America (daikin-america.com) (2011-2015) fluoropolymers and materials, and also with organizations that provide formal mentoring (TORCH 2018-present), coaching and leadership training, as well as the facilitation of problem-solving teams. He has several granted patents, many patent applications and internal disclosures for trade secrets. Connect with Marc on LinkedIn...","sameAs":["https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com","https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/marchirsch\/"],"url":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/author\/marc-hirsch\/"}]}},"authors":[{"term_id":1242,"user_id":26,"is_guest":0,"slug":"marc-hirsch","display_name":"Marc Hirsch","avatar_url":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/IMG_1016-scaled.jpg","0":null,"1":"","2":"","3":"","4":"","5":"","6":"","7":"","8":""}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3858","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/26"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3858"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3858\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3094"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3858"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3858"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3858"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ppma_author?post=3858"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}