{"id":4524,"date":"2022-11-09T06:05:07","date_gmt":"2022-11-09T12:05:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\/knowledge\/?p=4524"},"modified":"2023-03-07T14:55:30","modified_gmt":"2023-03-07T20:55:30","slug":"adhesion-promoters-101","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/4524\/adhesion-promoters-101\/","title":{"rendered":"Adhesion Promoters 101"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"Figure
Figure 1. www.catchlightpainting.com<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Original article date: May 19, 2016
\nUpdated November 2022<\/p>\n

Since this article was written in 2016, I have received almost 30 requests for information. I will address this later in the article, but other than defoamers<\/a>, this is the most widely requested topic for information that I have written, and one that I decided to update.<\/p>\n

Adhesion promoters<\/strong> (AP)<\/a>, are bi-functional materials that increase adhesive strength between the coating and the substrate, and sometimes are referred to as \u201ccoupling agents<\/a>\u201d. Unlike priming systems, adhesion promoters are largely applied at thinner film thicknesses and are generally thought more of as a surface treatment than an actual coating. \u00a0An adhesion promoter\u2019s effectiveness depends on both the substrate and the adhesive being used. Surface pretreatments, such as solvent cleaning or mechanical etching and corona treatment, can be used with adhesion promoters as part of a pretreatment method.<\/p>\n

Within a class of materials, the functionality on the backbone of the molecule will vary based on the resin system<\/strong> employed as well as the substrate <\/strong>to which it is attached. Organic and inorganic materials are very different in many ways, for example, compatibility, chemical reactivity, surface properties, and\u00a0coefficient of thermal expansion, such that forming a strong\u00a0adhesive bond\u00a0between these two dissimilar materials is difficult. An adhesion promoter, in its optimal sense, will act effectively at the organic-inorganic interface to chemically and physically wed these dissimilar materials into a strong cohesive bond structure.<\/p>\n

\"Figure
Figure 2. Adhesive Failure www.nature.com<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Adhesion is one of the most important properties of\u00a0both decorative and protective coatings. Many of the additives<\/a> used in coating formulations<\/a> can have a negative impact on the overall adhesion behavior, even on surfaces that would not be considered difficult for adhesion. As in most coatings formulations, there are a variety of materials used for different performance parameters or applications, etc. Avoidance of deleterious additives is preferred, but at times their need to impart other properties to the coating is required.<\/p>\n

Before discussing the classes of adhesion promoters<\/a>, a word about their use. There are literally hundreds of materials that are used for this application. It would be nice if there was a guide that would automatically tell you how to achieve perfect adhesion under whatever conditions the coating will be used. Unfortunately, that is not the case. Use of selection guides, such as with UL Prospector<\/a>, will provide some guidance to what will work. In the brief writing of the material, it is generally indicated what substrate is appropriate with which AP. At the end of this article are several links to companies\u2019 adhesion promoters. There are more, and I am not saying these are particularly the best, but just examples. Do not be afraid to contact the companies and ask them for help. They will have evaluated the type of substrate and type of coating and may have some recommendations for you to try. Generally speaking, it is necessary to test them under all that conditions and not take the word of the supplier. Very slight differences in formulation of either substrate or topcoat can affect the performance.<\/p>\n

Titanates and zirconates<\/h2>\n

Titanates<\/a> and zirconates<\/a> are coupling agents<\/a> and adhesion promoters that increase impact strength and chemical resistance, and enhance physical, compounding, and application properties. Common applications include polymers in industrial coatings, silicone and rubber sealants, adhesives, surface primers, oil and gas, electronics, printing, ceramics, glass, catalysts in esterifications and transesterification. Zircoaluminates<\/a> are manufactured by several suppliers, such as Manchem and Solvay.<\/p>\n

I. Monomeric phosphate chemistries and Phosphate esters<\/h3>\n

Monomeric phosphates are materials used in free radical emulsion polymerization, that provide wet adhesion bonding to the substrate. The phosphorus-containing functional groups can be incorporated into the polymers during the polymerization; usually through delayed addition from the start of the polymerization. When these resins are used in coatings or adhesives, the adhesion and anticorrosion performance of the final products are significantly improved.<\/p>\n

Several companies, such as LANXESS, Solvay, Eastman and Dow, produce phosphate ester surfactants and phosphate acids precursors to the esters. These have been found to benefit adhesion as well as improve corrosion inhibition of coatings over ferrous surfaces.<\/p>\n

II. Silanes<\/h3>\n

Silanes<\/a> are effective AP\u2019s for glass and silica-containing materials. Hence, they are used widely for Ultrahydrophobic treatments that rely on a system package of a silanol and silica, with silane adhesion used in epoxy, urethane and acrylic systems. One of the concepts used to obtain excellent adhesion is to assure that covalent bonds are formed between the substrate and the coating. This concept is called coupling or chemisorption. Silanes can be used as additives to couple substrates that contain hydroxyl (-OH) groups, like metals, and coatings. Apart from an alkoxy (-OR) group, that forms a covalent bond with the metal surface, the silane additive contains a chemical group that can crosslink with the binder system of the coating during film formation.<\/p>\n

The effectiveness of silanes depends on the substrate being used; smooth, high-surface-energy substrates are better than low-surface-energy or discontinuous substrates.<\/p>\n

III. Oligomeric Silanesi<\/sup><\/h3>\n

The first generation coupling agents<\/a>, that are still used to improve adhesion, are mono-functional. These mono-functional silane adhesion promoters are more and more substituted by oligomers.<\/p>\n

The oligomer molecules have a moderately high molecular weight and multiple functionality in both types of reactive groups:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. \n
      \n
    1. Methoxy (-O-CH3<\/sub>) groups, directly linked to silicon (Si) atoms, that form a covalent bond with the hydroxyl (-OH) groups of the metal substrate.<\/li>\n
    2. Epoxy groups that co-crosslink with the binder system during film formation.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      The core of the additive is formed by a strong siloxane network that has excellent resistance against, for example, hydrolysis, chemicals and UV radiation. Despite the increased molecular weight, compared to mono-functional silanes, the oligomer has a low viscosity and broad compatibility.<\/p>\n

      IV. Chlorinated and Non-Chlorinated Polyolefin Chemistries<\/h3>\n

      For plastic adhesion, some chlorinated polyolefin (CPO) chemistries are effective in the improvement in adhesion of coatings to thermoplastic olefin (TPO). This is particularly important in automotive coatings, as an increasing amount of the external portion of the vehicle is composed of plastics.<\/p>\n

      There are also non-chlorinated adhesion promoters that provide excellent adhesion to TPO and polypropylene substrates.<\/p>\n

      [1] Mittal, KL, Advances in Contact Angle, Wettability and Adhesion, Volume One, July 2013
      \n      Manchem Zircoaluminates | Adhesion Promoter<\/a>
      \n      AdhesionPromoterGuide_1.pdf.aspx (ppgaerospace.com)<\/a>
      \n      Adhesion Promoters – Lubrizol<\/a>
      \n      Auto Primers Adhesion Promoter Product Page (rustoleum.com)<\/a>
      \n      Adhesion promoters – Atotech<\/a>
      \n      Adhesion Promoters | Product Types | Eastman<\/a>
      \n      DOWSIL\u2122 P5200 Adhesion Promoter<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      Original article date: May 19, 2016 Updated November 2022 Since this article was written in 2016, I have received almost 30 requests for information. I will address this later in the article, but other than defoamers, this is the most … Continued<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":26,"featured_media":4533,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"episode_type":"","audio_file":"","podmotor_file_id":"","podmotor_episode_id":"","cover_image":"","cover_image_id":"","duration":"","filesize":"","filesize_raw":"","date_recorded":"","explicit":"","block":"","itunes_episode_number":"","itunes_title":"","itunes_season_number":"","itunes_episode_type":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[16],"tags":[],"ppma_author":[1242],"class_list":{"0":"post-4524","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-paint-coatings","8":"entry"},"yoast_head":"\nAdhesion Promoters 101 - Prospector Knowledge Center<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Adhesion promoters, or coupling agents, are bi-functional materials that increase adhesive strength between the coating and the substrate.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/4524\/adhesion-promoters-101\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Adhesion Promoters 101 - 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In his career, he has formulated architectural, industrial, military and specialty coatings. He has also worked with and formulated adhesives, inks, and construction products and in general is a material science generalist. He has a keen interest in Sustainable and Bio-based paints, inks, adhesives and elastomers. He was a Developmental Scientist in the Advanced Materials group at Luna Labs 2004-2008, formulating military coatings and adhesives. Previously, he was at Dow Chemical (1999-2004) as the applications and development manager in Core R&D in the Coatings & Functional Polymers Group. He also managed the TS&D group for coatings while at Dow Chemical (1995-99) and held positions at Rhodia (Laboratory Manager, Latex & Specialty Polymers (1989-95)) and was the Development Chemist, exterior latex paints at Benjamin Moore & Co. (1979-89). Mr. Hirsch has served in a consultancy capacity as a Director with the ChemQuest group, (chemquest.com) June 2021-March 2025 at OmniTech (omnitechintl.com) (2015-2022) for soy-based adhesives and coatings, Daikin America (daikin-america.com) (2011-2015) fluoropolymers and materials, and also with organizations that provide formal mentoring (TORCH 2018-present), coaching and leadership training, as well as the facilitation of problem-solving teams. He has several granted patents, many patent applications and internal disclosures for trade secrets. 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In his career, he has formulated architectural, industrial, military and specialty coatings. He has also worked with and formulated adhesives, inks, and construction products and in general is a material science generalist. He has a keen interest in Sustainable and Bio-based paints, inks, adhesives and elastomers. He was a Developmental Scientist in the Advanced Materials group at Luna Labs 2004-2008, formulating military coatings and adhesives. Previously, he was at Dow Chemical (1999-2004) as the applications and development manager in Core R&D in the Coatings & Functional Polymers Group. He also managed the TS&D group for coatings while at Dow Chemical (1995-99) and held positions at Rhodia (Laboratory Manager, Latex & Specialty Polymers (1989-95)) and was the Development Chemist, exterior latex paints at Benjamin Moore & Co. (1979-89). Mr. Hirsch has served in a consultancy capacity as a Director with the ChemQuest group, (chemquest.com) June 2021-March 2025 at OmniTech (omnitechintl.com) (2015-2022) for soy-based adhesives and coatings, Daikin America (daikin-america.com) (2011-2015) fluoropolymers and materials, and also with organizations that provide formal mentoring (TORCH 2018-present), coaching and leadership training, as well as the facilitation of problem-solving teams. He has several granted patents, many patent applications and internal disclosures for trade secrets. 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