{"id":4751,"date":"2016-08-26T08:00:59","date_gmt":"2016-08-26T14:00:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\/knowledge\/?p=4751"},"modified":"2017-10-17T15:07:29","modified_gmt":"2017-10-17T21:07:29","slug":"pc-four-important-functional-pigments","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/4751\/pc-four-important-functional-pigments\/","title":{"rendered":"Four Important Functional Pigments"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"Figure
Figure 1. Pearlescent pigment<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Functional Pigments<\/b><\/a> (FP)<\/b> is a somewhat ambiguous term in the coatings industry<\/a> because it can be interpreted to include anti-corrosive<\/a>, conductive<\/a> and special-effect<\/a> pigments, as well as extenders<\/a> (also known as inert pigments). This article focuses on these four types, but there are others.<\/p>\n

Corrosion Inhibitive Pigments<\/b><\/a> (CIP) <\/b>help prevent or reduce the annual cost of steel corrosion, estimated to be over $400 billion in the United States and $2 trillion globally. Corrosion is primarily from electrochemical deterioration of a metal, due to the reaction with its environment, that transforms the metal into its lowest energy state. Oxidation occurs at the anode (positive electrode) and reduction occurs at the cathode (negative electrode). Corrosion is normally accelerated by the presence of water, oxygen and salts (particularly of strong acids).<\/p>\n

These pigments have a minimum solubility, but to be active and effective, the coating must permit the diffusion of some water to dissolve the pigment. If the solubility is too high, the pigment will leach out of the coating too rapidly and reduce the time that the pigment is available to inhibit corrosion.<\/p>\n

Another prime consideration in the selection of a corrosion inhibitive pigment is the pH. For example, a pigment with a high pH may have a deleterious effect on the cure of acid-catalyzed systems. Conversely, a pigment with a low pH may adversely affect the stability of waterborne systems.<\/p>\n

The vast majority of corrosion inhibitive pigments are comprised of the combination of metal ions (cations) derived from zinc<\/a>, strontium<\/a>, chromium<\/a>, lead<\/a>, molybdenum<\/a>, aluminum<\/a>, calcium<\/a> or barium<\/a> and anions, such as those derived from phosphorous<\/a> (orthophosphoric and polyphosphoric acids), chromic acid<\/a> and boric acid<\/a>. Although hexavalent chromate (Cr+6) and strontium are very effective in inhibiting corrosion, their use is very limited due to a variety of environmental and toxicological regulations.<\/p>\n

Conductive pigments<\/b><\/a> (CP)<\/b> are pigments that enable energy to be transported through a coating. Electrically conductive<\/a> pigments allow electricity to be passed through or dissipated, as in static-dissipative materials. Thermally conductive pigments increase the rate at which heat transfers through a coating and have utilization in cooling systems, where an increase in heat loss through air conditioning fins and coils greatly reduces the energy costs to run the equipment. The types of pigments included in both applications include silver<\/a>, nickel, silver-coated nickel, carbon black,<\/a> multi-walled and single-walled carbon nanotubes<\/a>, as well as other materials.<\/p>\n

Some of these can be used to formulate coatings with EMI shielding<\/a>. Electromagnetic shielding is the practice of reducing the electromagnetic field in a space by blocking the field with barriers made of conductive or magnetic materials. EMI-shielding is used with sensitive analytical instrumentation as well as protection of detection by radar.<\/p>\n

\"Figure
Figure 2. Thermal Conductivity<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Special-Effect Pigments<\/b><\/a> (SEP) <\/b>are pigments that provide an infinite array of colors and effects that enable unlimited design possibilities for coatings. These effects include the illusion of flickering lights, metallic reflection, interference sparkle and color variation and luster that changes with the viewing angle and light source. In a recent article in UL Prospector, this topic is thoroughly presented by Ron Lewarchik.<\/a> The pigments reviewed are metallic flakes <\/a>and thermochromic<\/a>, photochromic<\/a>, luminescent<\/a> and phosphorescent<\/a> pigments.<\/p>\n

Extenders<\/b><\/a> don\u2019t sound very glitzy or important, but they are. They are used to provide many functions, including improvement in hiding<\/a>, stain blocking<\/a>, single-coat priming and painting and increased scrub resistance,<\/a> to name a few. The use of small-particle silicates<\/a> spaces the larger particles of titanium dioxide<\/a> (TiO2) to improve the efficiency of the hiding<\/a> pigment. Micaceous pigments<\/a> are used in printing to provide better clarity of inks, as they won\u2019t penetrate the paper substrate as much. In corrosion-inhibitive paints, micaceous iron oxide<\/a> creates a \u201ctortuous path\u201d for water to migrate through the film, imparting improved protection.<\/p>\n

\"Figure
Figure 3. Effect of CPVC (Critical Pigment Volume Concentration)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Functional Pigments (FP) is a somewhat ambiguous term in the coatings industry because it can be interpreted to include anti-corrosive, conductive and special-effect pigments, as well as extenders (also known as inert pigments). This article focuses on these four types, … Continued<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":26,"featured_media":866,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"episode_type":"","audio_file":"","podmotor_file_id":"","podmotor_episode_id":"","cover_image":"","cover_image_id":"","duration":"","filesize":"","filesize_raw":"","date_recorded":"","explicit":"","block":"","itunes_episode_number":"","itunes_title":"","itunes_season_number":"","itunes_episode_type":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[16],"tags":[],"ppma_author":[1242],"class_list":{"0":"post-4751","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-paint-coatings","8":"entry"},"yoast_head":"\nFunctional Pigments: Four important applications for formulators<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"While sometimes a confusing term, functional pigments can serve a variety of purposes. 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In his career, he has formulated architectural, industrial, military and specialty coatings. He has also worked with and formulated adhesives, inks, and construction products and in general is a material science generalist. He has a keen interest in Sustainable and Bio-based paints, inks, adhesives and elastomers. He was a Developmental Scientist in the Advanced Materials group at Luna Labs 2004-2008, formulating military coatings and adhesives. Previously, he was at Dow Chemical (1999-2004) as the applications and development manager in Core R&D in the Coatings & Functional Polymers Group. He also managed the TS&D group for coatings while at Dow Chemical (1995-99) and held positions at Rhodia (Laboratory Manager, Latex & Specialty Polymers (1989-95)) and was the Development Chemist, exterior latex paints at Benjamin Moore & Co. (1979-89). Mr. Hirsch has served in a consultancy capacity as a Director with the ChemQuest group, (chemquest.com) June 2021-March 2025 at OmniTech (omnitechintl.com) (2015-2022) for soy-based adhesives and coatings, Daikin America (daikin-america.com) (2011-2015) fluoropolymers and materials, and also with organizations that provide formal mentoring (TORCH 2018-present), coaching and leadership training, as well as the facilitation of problem-solving teams. He has several granted patents, many patent applications and internal disclosures for trade secrets. Connect with Marc on LinkedIn...\",\"sameAs\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/ulprospector.ul.com\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.linkedin.com\\\/in\\\/marchirsch\\\/\"],\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ulprospector.ul.com\\\/author\\\/marc-hirsch\\\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Functional Pigments: Four important applications for formulators","description":"While sometimes a confusing term, functional pigments can serve a variety of purposes. Marc Hirsch explores four specific uses here.","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/4751\/pc-four-important-functional-pigments\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Functional Pigments: Four important applications for formulators","og_description":"While sometimes a confusing term, functional pigments can serve a variety of purposes. 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In his career, he has formulated architectural, industrial, military and specialty coatings. He has also worked with and formulated adhesives, inks, and construction products and in general is a material science generalist. He has a keen interest in Sustainable and Bio-based paints, inks, adhesives and elastomers. He was a Developmental Scientist in the Advanced Materials group at Luna Labs 2004-2008, formulating military coatings and adhesives. Previously, he was at Dow Chemical (1999-2004) as the applications and development manager in Core R&D in the Coatings & Functional Polymers Group. He also managed the TS&D group for coatings while at Dow Chemical (1995-99) and held positions at Rhodia (Laboratory Manager, Latex & Specialty Polymers (1989-95)) and was the Development Chemist, exterior latex paints at Benjamin Moore & Co. (1979-89). Mr. Hirsch has served in a consultancy capacity as a Director with the ChemQuest group, (chemquest.com) June 2021-March 2025 at OmniTech (omnitechintl.com) (2015-2022) for soy-based adhesives and coatings, Daikin America (daikin-america.com) (2011-2015) fluoropolymers and materials, and also with organizations that provide formal mentoring (TORCH 2018-present), coaching and leadership training, as well as the facilitation of problem-solving teams. He has several granted patents, many patent applications and internal disclosures for trade secrets. Connect with Marc on LinkedIn...","sameAs":["https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com","https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/marchirsch\/"],"url":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/author\/marc-hirsch\/"}]}},"authors":[{"term_id":1242,"user_id":26,"is_guest":0,"slug":"marc-hirsch","display_name":"Marc Hirsch","avatar_url":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/IMG_1016-scaled.jpg","0":null,"1":"","2":"","3":"","4":"","5":"","6":"","7":"","8":""}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4751","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/26"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4751"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4751\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/866"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4751"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4751"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4751"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ppma_author?post=4751"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}