{"id":5187,"date":"2016-09-23T08:00:50","date_gmt":"2016-09-23T14:00:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\/knowledge\/?p=5187"},"modified":"2017-10-19T13:04:19","modified_gmt":"2017-10-19T19:04:19","slug":"pc-titanium-dioxide-introduction","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/5187\/pc-titanium-dioxide-introduction\/","title":{"rendered":"Titanium Dioxide: An Introduction"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Chemist<\/p>\n

Titanium dioxide<\/a>, also known as titanium (IV), is an oxide of titanium that occurs naturally. Its chemical formula is TiO2<\/sub> and its pigment color index is CI 77891. It has many uses outside of paint, which include food, paper coatings, plastics, cosmetics and others. It is primarily obtained from ilmenite, rutile<\/a> and anatase<\/a>, but also occurs as brookite. Additionally, titanium dioxide can occur in high-pressure conditions as a monoclinic baddeleyite-like form and an orthorhombic \u03b1-PbO2<\/sub>-like form.<\/p>\n

\"Rutile
Rutile<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Source<\/h3>\n

Titanium is mainly sourced from ilmenite ore, which is the most widespread form of titanium dioxide-bearing ore around the world. Rutile is the next most abundant and contains around 98 percent titanium dioxide in the ore. The metastable anatase and brookite phases convert irreversibly to the equilibrium rutile phase upon heating above temperatures in the range of 600 to 800\u00b0C (1,112 to 1,472\u00b0F).<\/p>\n

Processing<\/h3>\n

There are two main processes for TiO2<\/sub>: In 1916, the Titanium Pigment Corporation of Niagara Falls, New York, and the Titan Company A\/S<\/a>, of Norway simultaneously began commercial TiO2 <\/sub>production with the sulfate process. In 1951 DuPont introduced the chloride process.<\/p>\n

\"Figure
Figure 1. Material Balances for Sulfate and Chloride Processes1<\/sup><\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

As per Figure 2<\/b> and Figure 3<\/b>, the chloride process has been the predominant production method but has decreased over the past 25 years due to the influx of Chinese sulfate-grade TiO2<\/sub>. However, the chloride process still dominates the global market.<\/p>\n

In addition to the raw processing, the pigment is treated in various ways for specific uses. Some organic treatments are provided to improve dispersibility or the reduction of degradation by ultraviolet light. Inorganic treatments consist of other metal oxides that also provide protection from UV. The pigments are ground to a specific particle size (median and distribution) for optimal opacity as well. Dependent upon the treatment and particle size, TiO2<\/sub> can range from a yellow<\/a> to a blue<\/a> undertone, which has to be considered by formulators of base paints for customized colors.<\/p>\n

\"Figure
Figure 2. Global supply of TiO2<\/sub>2<\/sup><\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
\"Figure
Figure 3. Global production sources TiO2<\/sub>3<\/sup><\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

<\/h3>\n

Applications<\/h3>\n

As stated previously, there are many applications of TiO2<\/sub>, but paint is by far the largest (Figure 4<\/b>). Of all white-hiding pigments, titanium dioxide, and specifically rutile, affords the best opacity\/hiding (Figure 5<\/b>).<\/p>\n

\"Figure
Figure 4. Global usages of titanium dioxide.4<\/sup><\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
\"Figure
Figure 5. Refractive index correlates to opacity5<\/sup><\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

TiO2<\/sub> does possess the highest opacity of paint pigments, but it is not an inexpensive pigment, nor does it work alone for optimal usage. Extender pigments such as silica<\/a>, silicates<\/a> and carbonates<\/a> are used as \u201cspacers\u201d in a paint, so that the TiO2<\/sub> pigment particles are less agglomerated and are more readily amenable to optimum hiding. This is more easily achieved in higher PVC <\/a>(pigment volume concentration) paints, as opposed to gloss paints<\/a>, because the extenders can have a deleterious effect on gloss. The extender pigments may also be functional, providing improvement to touch-up and burnishing, scrub resistance and cleanability6<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

\"Figure
Figure 6. Spectrum of PVC and paint properties7<\/sup><\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

In the past 15 years, nanomaterials<\/a> have found greater utilization in many applications. This has been true also for TiO2<\/sub>, where the very small particles are very useful in cosmetics as well as catalytic self-cleaning. In cosmetics, the move away from organic ultraviolet absorbers has led to the use of nano-sized zinc oxide<\/a> (ZnO) and TiO2<\/sub><\/a>. Both are highly effective in absorbing UV sunlight.<\/p>\n

Nano-TiO2 has also found utilization in the remediation of pollutants and deposited materials on skyscraper windows and other structures not easily accessed. The schematics in Figure 7<\/strong> and Figure 8<\/strong> represent what occurs.<\/p>\n

\"Figure
Figure 7. Catalysis of pollutants8<\/sup><\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
\"Figure
Figure 8. Self-cleaning of glass9<\/sup><\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

References:<\/h3>\n
    \n
  1. Argex Titanium Inc. Argex Process: Third Generation Process to Manufacture Titanium Dioxide.<\/a> Montreal, Canada: TiO2<\/sub> World Summit.October 7-9, 2014. Page 14; [accessed August 2016].<\/li>\n
  2. Argex Titanium Inc.\u00a0Argex Process: Third Generation Process to Manufacture Titanium Dioxide.<\/a> Montreal, Canada: TiO2<\/sub> World Summit.\u00a0October 7-9, 2014. Page 7;\u00a0[accessed August 2016].<\/li>\n
  3. Borvan53. 17 December 2015. Evolution of the global production of titanium dioxide according to process<\/a>. San Francisco (CA): Wikipedia; [accessed August 2016]. CC BY-SA 4.0.<\/li>\n
  4. Titanium Dioxide Market Analysis By Application and Segment Forecasts to 2022.<\/a> January 2016. San Francisco (CA): Grand View Research; [accessed August 2016].<\/li>\n
  5. DuPont Ti-Pure titanium dioxide.<\/a> April 2015. Wilmington (DE): DuPont; [updated 27 April 2015].<\/li>\n
  6. Lewarchik R. Inert Pigments \u2013 The Unseen Contributor to Improving Paint Performance<\/a>. 4 Dec 2015. Overland Park (KS): UL Prospector; [accessed August 2016].<\/li>\n
  7. Pigment Volume Concentration 3 February 2012. Master Painter\u2019s Institute; [accessed August 2016].<\/li>\n
  8. Photocatalyst Technology<\/a>. 29 Jan 2008. Dabrowa Gornicza, Poland: Nanobiz.pl Ltd; [accessed August 2016].<\/li>\n
  9. Muhammed S. Application of Nanotechnology in Construction<\/a>. 23 December 2015. Vazhakulam, India: Viswajyothi College of Engineering and Technology. Page 18; [accessed August 2016]<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Titanium dioxide, also known as titanium (IV), is an oxide of titanium that occurs naturally. Its chemical formula is TiO2 and its pigment color index is CI 77891. It has many uses outside of paint, which include food, paper coatings, … Continued<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":26,"featured_media":5199,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"episode_type":"","audio_file":"","podmotor_file_id":"","podmotor_episode_id":"","cover_image":"","cover_image_id":"","duration":"","filesize":"","filesize_raw":"","date_recorded":"","explicit":"","block":"","itunes_episode_number":"","itunes_title":"","itunes_season_number":"","itunes_episode_type":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[16],"tags":[],"ppma_author":[1242],"class_list":{"0":"post-5187","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-paint-coatings","8":"entry"},"yoast_head":"\nTitanium Dioxide: An Introduction - Prospector Knowledge Center<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Learn about the sources, processes, and applications for titanium dioxide, a versatile material used paint, paper coatings, plastics, cosmetics and more.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/5187\/pc-titanium-dioxide-introduction\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Titanium Dioxide: An Introduction - 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In his career, he has formulated architectural, industrial, military and specialty coatings. He has also worked with and formulated adhesives, inks, and construction products and in general is a material science generalist. He has a keen interest in Sustainable and Bio-based paints, inks, adhesives and elastomers. He was a Developmental Scientist in the Advanced Materials group at Luna Labs 2004-2008, formulating military coatings and adhesives. Previously, he was at Dow Chemical (1999-2004) as the applications and development manager in Core R&D in the Coatings & Functional Polymers Group. He also managed the TS&D group for coatings while at Dow Chemical (1995-99) and held positions at Rhodia (Laboratory Manager, Latex & Specialty Polymers (1989-95)) and was the Development Chemist, exterior latex paints at Benjamin Moore & Co. (1979-89). Mr. Hirsch has served in a consultancy capacity as a Director with the ChemQuest group, (chemquest.com) June 2021-March 2025 at OmniTech (omnitechintl.com) (2015-2022) for soy-based adhesives and coatings, Daikin America (daikin-america.com) (2011-2015) fluoropolymers and materials, and also with organizations that provide formal mentoring (TORCH 2018-present), coaching and leadership training, as well as the facilitation of problem-solving teams. He has several granted patents, many patent applications and internal disclosures for trade secrets. 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