{"id":6555,"date":"2017-06-02T08:00:46","date_gmt":"2017-06-02T14:00:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\/knowledge\/?p=6555"},"modified":"2018-02-09T14:06:36","modified_gmt":"2018-02-09T20:06:36","slug":"pe-polyaryletherketones-heat-resistant-plastics","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/6555\/pe-polyaryletherketones-heat-resistant-plastics\/","title":{"rendered":"Polyaryletherketones: Keeping the high temperature debate running"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Previously, I wrote an article on <a href=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/5912\/pe-paek-polyaryletherketones-overview?st=31\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">polyaryletherketones<\/a> (PAEKs), which stimulated quite a lot of response. I think it is useful to revisit the subject to share some of the thoughts of readers, research the subject a bit more and also add in a few new developments in the field.<\/p>\n<h3>A historical perspective<\/h3>\n<p>In my original article, Dave Thornley, an electrical engineer at TE Connectivity specialising in nanotechnology and polymer chemistry, <a href=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/5912\/pe-paek-polyaryletherketones-overview\/#comment-26865\">commented<\/a> on the history of polyarylenes, saying that the first large scale use of polyarylenes was in fact for aircraft wire. The polymer was made by Raychem Corp in Menlo Park California, under the trade name Stilan. Introduced in 1972, the wire was covered by various slash sheets in military specification wire, Mil W 81044.<\/p>\n<p>The major customers were Boeing and Douglas who used it extensively on 747 and DC10 aircraft; it was also specified on numerous European and US military and commercial programs. It was qualified in the UK to DGS 344 which was the Navy low fire hazard equipment and multicore component wire standard.<\/p>\n<h3>Looking for PAEKs for your heat-resistant plastic formulation?<\/h3>\n<p>Prospector has listings for thousands of products from global suppliers. Register for access to\u00a0technical data, order samples and more now&#8230;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><br \/>\nRegister Now<br \/>\n<\/a><\/p>\n<p>According to Thornley, Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) introduced their polyetheretherketone (PEEK) polymer as a result of pressure from all the UK wire manufacturers, who saw their speciality wire market disappearing. Subsequently, Raychem withdrew the product in 1977 following the collapse of the commercial aircraft market after the second oil crisis. They sold off the process for making it to BASF but BASF did not pursue it.<\/p>\n<p>Of interest are the limitations of polyarylenes, which Thornley remarks are not widely publicised.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The UV resistance is different for the different polymers<\/li>\n<li>They are generally susceptible to solvent stress crazing to a small range of solvents.<\/li>\n<li>The modulus temperature curve goes through some deep dips where the polymer undergoes a structure change.<\/li>\n<li>But the flex life is outstanding and the very low temperature performance is outstanding.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Jonathan Jurgaitis of Apollo Medical Extrusion Technologies in Utah <a href=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/5912\/pe-paek-polyaryletherketones-overview\/#comment-26867\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">commented<\/a> to say that he frequently extrudes these materials and is very pleased with his results. He has also seen a growing acceptance of extruded components comprised of PAEK variants as replacements for stainless steel tubing and for micro-bore tubing applications in the medical sector.<\/p>\n<h3>Solvay Specialty Polymers<\/h3>\n<p>While Solvay Specialty Polymers no longer supports the Proniva material, one new development from Solvay is noteworthy. Performance Plastics is using Solvay\u2019s Torlon (polyamide-imide) PAI to make a new line of EnduroSharp Scraper Blades for aerospace maintenance applications. <a href=\"https:\/\/plastics.ulprospector.com\/materials\/110\/torlon\/pg\/1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Torlon PAI<\/a> enabled these unique new tools to be tough enough to maintain their edge longer than blades molded from competitive polymers, but safe enough to remove challenging materials from delicate surfaces.<\/p>\n<p>The recently launched Torlon PAI blade handles and inserts enable aerospace maintenance professionals to safely remove elastomeric coatings, boots, tapes, sealants, adhesives, gap fillers and tape residue from fiber-reinforced composite, plastic, glass, ceramic or metal substrates and fasteners. The PAI blades can also be used in conjunction with heat- or chemical-assisted skiving processes to expedite material removal.<\/p>\n<p>While polyetherimide (PEI) and polyetheretherketone (PEEK) were candidates for this application, both materials needed to be machined from molded blanks to give the blade a sharp edge. In comparison, Torlon PAI\u2019s excellent processability allows the blades to deliver a sharp edge right out of the mold \u2013 eliminating the time, cost and material waste of machining.<\/p>\n<p>Solvay\u2019s material, however, can be machined to permit one-off designs, such as blades that incorporate a gap to scrape around fasteners. Torlon PAI\u2019s thermoset-like properties also allows EnduroSharp blades to withstand the high heat and friction of resharpening, which can result in a burr on blades fabricated from PEEK and PEI polymers.<\/p>\n<h3>Gharda Plastics<\/h3>\n<p>Albert Jan Westerhof of De Monchy International, a consultancy specialising in products for coatings, adhesives, thermoplastics, waxes and food ingredients, <a href=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/5912\/pe-paek-polyaryletherketones-overview\/#comment-26862\">raises a flag<\/a> for a new-to-me supplier, <a href=\"https:\/\/plastics.ulprospector.com\/manufacturers\/1538\/gharda-chemicals-ltd\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Gharda Plastics<\/a>. This global science-based company is active in polymers, pigments &amp; agrochemical materials. It is headquartered in Mumbai, India, with manufacturing facilities located in Mumbai &amp; Lote (Maharashtra), Panoli &amp; Ankleshwar (Gujrat).<\/p>\n<p>Gharda has recently commercialised the high-performance engineering thermoplastic, Polyetherketone (PEK) under the trade name <a href=\"https:\/\/plastics.ulprospector.com\/manufacturers\/1538\/40-4352\/gharda-chemicals-ltd-g-paek\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>G-PAEK<\/strong><\/a>, using, it says, in-house patented technology. The company also produces Polybenzimidazole (PBI) and Polyetherketoneketone (PEKK). PEK is a semi-crystalline polymer, with a high glass transition temperature of 152\u00b0C and melting temperature of 372\u00b0C.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_6556\" class=\"thumbnail wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"width: 1000px\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/media\/2017\/05\/G-PAEK.jpg\" alt=\"G-PAEK products from Gharda Plastics - learn more about Polyaryletherketones in the Prospector Knowledge Center.\" width=\"1000\" height=\"200\" \/><figcaption class=\"caption wp-caption-text\">G-PAEK products from Gharda Plastics<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Additionally, the company offers various filled grades with improved strength for demanding opportunities that require high wear resistance. The heat deflection temperature of these grades can be as high as 360\u00b0C, providing strength and stability in extreme conditions.<\/p>\n<p>According to company sources, G-PAEK has the following advantages:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Delivers up to twice the wear resistance of PEEK at high temperatures<\/li>\n<li>Retention of mechanical and physical properties up to 30\u00b0C higher than PEEK, supporting higher loads without permanent deformation<\/li>\n<li>Improved compressive strength<\/li>\n<li>A strong candidate for engine parts, subsea connectors and heat exchanger applications<\/li>\n<li>Excellent gamma radiation resistance<\/li>\n<li>Excellent hydrolysis resistance at high temperatures<\/li>\n<li>Excellent high temperature performance for all mechanical properties<\/li>\n<li>Excellent electrical performance at high temperatures<\/li>\n<li>Excellent chemical resistance at high temperatures<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><em>Polyetherketoneketone <\/em><\/h4>\n<p>GA-PEKK combines high temperature stability, strength, stiffness and ease of processing. PEKK has superior temperature resistance than other Ketone base polymers (PEK &amp; PEEK). It has excellent compressive strength, creep resistance, wear and radiation resistance and also inherent flame retardancy.<\/p>\n<p>With a glass transition temperature of 176\u00b0C and a melting temperature of 395\u00b0C, GA-PEKK polymer delivers extended high temperature mechanical performance over standard PEKK polymer and chemical resistance. Available as unfilled, glass filled and carbon filled grades.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>High (300\u00b0C) continuous service temperature (estimated)<\/li>\n<li>Highest compressive strength in Ketone family polymers, making it suitable for oil and gas industries<\/li>\n<li>Excellent electrical resistance<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><em>Polybenzimidaole<\/em><\/h4>\n<p>GA-ZOLE is a semi crystalline polymer containing benzimidazole group (PBI, poly (2, 5-benzimidazole), with high thermal and chemical stability. The dope solution in methane sulfonic acid is recommended for Fibre Spinning and Membrane, while powder is useful for the Sintering compression moulding process at high temperature &amp; pressure to make parts.\u00a0 It has very high limiting oxygen index (LOI), heat deflection temperature (HDT) and is recognised for its non-flammable characteristics.<\/p>\n<p>With a glass transition temperature of 485\u00b0C, GA-ZOLE polymer delivers extended high temperature mechanical performance over standard PBI polymer and excellent chemical resistance. Available as unfilled, glass filled and carbon filled grades.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Sintering compression moulding process at high temperature &amp; pressure to make parts.<\/li>\n<li>Offers the highest heat resistance and mechanical property retention over 310\u00b0C.<\/li>\n<li>Lowest coefficient of friction and highest wear resistance properties.<\/li>\n<li>Low out gassing in vacuum (dry material).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>High-performance FDM filaments<\/h3>\n<figure id=\"attachment_6557\" class=\"thumbnail wp-caption alignright\" style=\"width: 300px\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/media\/2017\/05\/SABIC-fused-deposition-modeling-filament-spools-PR291a-300x178.jpg\" alt=\"Fused deposition modelling filament spools from SABIC - learn more about industrial filaments in the Prospector Knowledge Center.\" width=\"300\" height=\"178\" \/><figcaption class=\"caption wp-caption-text\">FDM filament spools (Photo courtesy of SABIC)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>At RAPID + TCT 2017, <a href=\"https:\/\/plastics.ulprospector.com\/manufacturers\/44\/40\/sabic-innovative-plastics-materials\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">SABIC<\/a> unveiled a new portfolio of high-performance filament grades for fused deposition modelling (FDM). The new products address growing global demand for greater material choices in the industrial filament market and help lay the groundwork to drive the growth of additive manufacturing from a prototyping technology to full-scale production.<\/p>\n<p>SABIC\u2019s new filaments, designed for use with Stratasys Fortus printers, are based on the company\u2019s ULTEM polyetherimide (PEI) resin, CYCOLAC acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) resin and LEXAN polycarbonate (PC) resin, and offer the same compositions as the company\u2019s injection molding grades. Manufacturers can use the filaments\u00a0to produce a range of high-performance, durable end-use parts.<\/p>\n<p>Both ABS and PC are well-established materials for additive manufacturing of prototypes and end use parts, while ULTEM (PEI) filament is desirable for demanding applications that require high heat resistance, high strength, and low flame, smoke and toxicity (FST).<\/p>\n<p>ULTEM AM9085F filament is a high-performance PEI product manufactured from ULTEM 9085 resin. This product provides high heat resistance and mechanical strength, is UL94 V-0 compliant at 1.5 and 3.0mm, and meets FAR 25.853 and OSU 65\/65 requirements with low FST evolution. It is available in black and natural (unpigmented) colors. The EXTEM thermoplastic polyimide filament has heat resistance exceeding that of ULTEM filament.<\/p>\n<h3>References:<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/5912\/pe-paek-polyaryletherketones-overview?st=31\">Operating at PAEK performance: an overview of polyaryletherketones<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Solvay: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.solvay.com\/en\/media\/press_releases\/170316_Performance-Plastics-Molds-Torlon-PAI-Scraper-Blades.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Torlon PAI press release<\/a><\/li>\n<li>SABIC: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sabic.com\/en\/news\/6226-sabic-debuts-new-portfolio-of-high-performance-filaments-for-fused-deposition-modeling-at-rapid-tct\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">New Portfolio of High-Performance Filaments press release<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Previously, I wrote an article on polyaryletherketones (PAEKs), which stimulated quite a lot of response. I think it is useful to revisit the subject to share some of the thoughts of readers, research the subject a bit more and also &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/6555\/pe-polyaryletherketones-heat-resistant-plastics\/\">Continued<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":22,"featured_media":6558,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"episode_type":"","audio_file":"","podmotor_file_id":"","podmotor_episode_id":"","cover_image":"","cover_image_id":"","duration":"","filesize":"","filesize_raw":"","date_recorded":"","explicit":"","block":"","itunes_episode_number":"","itunes_title":"","itunes_season_number":"","itunes_episode_type":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[30,21],"tags":[219,275],"ppma_author":[1238],"class_list":{"0":"post-6555","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-materials","8":"category-plastics-2","9":"tag-category-overview","10":"tag-materials","11":"entry"},"yoast_head":"<!-- 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Since then, Andy has continued to publish online, including his own title New Materials International (www.newmaterials.com). He is also a regular contributor to many specialist engineering titles in the UK and Europe, including Controls, Drives &amp; Automation (CDA), Engineering &amp; Technology (E&amp;T), and Environmental Technology. As technology companies strive to manage their own websites, they are recognising the need to develop their writing and editing resources. Andy now works directly for companies in the manufacturing sector, delivering technical content through this medium for their current and prospective customers. 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Having originally qualified as a metallurgist at Cambridge University, Andy spent a period as a consultant, where he specialised in advanced composites, asbestos substitutes and the methodology of materials selection, subjects on which he has published several books and technical papers. Since the early 1980s, he has edited many of the leading manufacturing and engineering titles in the UK, firstly cutting his teeth as a technical journalist on Design Engineering. Known as \"The Materials Man\", he covered many of the early innovations in engineering plastics. He was promoted to editor in 1985 and subsequently moved on to edit Engineering magazine (1992), and Industrial Technology (1994). In 1999, with former colleagues, he launched Pro-Talk, which founded the first online publications for engineers in Europe - the then thriving business was sold to Centaur Publications in 2006. 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