{"id":6636,"date":"2017-06-16T08:00:24","date_gmt":"2017-06-16T14:00:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\/knowledge\/?p=6636"},"modified":"2023-08-31T13:54:53","modified_gmt":"2023-08-31T19:54:53","slug":"pc-overcoming-paint-film-defects-causes-remedies","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/6636\/pc-overcoming-paint-film-defects-causes-remedies\/","title":{"rendered":"Overcoming Paint Film Defects: Causes and Remedies"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-6637 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/media\/2017\/06\/pc-paintdefects3-1024x306.jpg\" alt=\"Crawling, crafters, crazing - a variety of paint defects can occur after application or curing. Learn the causes and solutions here.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"306\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/pc-paintdefects3-1024x306.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/pc-paintdefects3-300x90.jpg 300w, https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/pc-paintdefects3-768x230.jpg 768w, https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/pc-paintdefects3.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Paint film defects can appear during or immediately after application or become more apparent after the coating is cured. While there is no standard convention for the nomenclature of film defects, this article will separate film defects into the two categories mentioned above.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_6639\" class=\"thumbnail wp-caption alignright\" style=\"width: 300px\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-6639 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/media\/2017\/06\/pc-crazing-40109658_600x400-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"Crawling, crafters, crazing - a variety of paint defects can occur after application or curing. Learn the causes and solutions here.\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/pc-crazing-40109658_600x400-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/pc-crazing-40109658_600x400.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><figcaption class=\"caption wp-caption-text\">Example of crazing.<br \/>Copyright: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.123rf.com\/profile_paylessimages\">paylessimages \/ 123RF Stock Photo<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3>Paint film defect causes<\/h3>\n<p>The largest number of paint defects is from <strong><em>dirt <\/em><\/strong>particles<sup>1<\/sup> embedded in the paint. Most other paint defects are the results of:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>lack of cleanliness<\/li>\n<li>surface preparation<\/li>\n<li>application error<\/li>\n<li>attention to detail<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>Surface tension<\/h4>\n<p>Many coating defects are related to surface tension issues. <strong><em>Surface tension<\/em><\/strong> is the elastic tendency of liquids that make them acquire the least <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Surface_area\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">surface area<\/a> possible. This occurs when the forces at the interface of a liquid differ from those within the liquid, attributed to uneven force distribution of molecules at the surface. A common unit of surface tension is dynes\/cm<sup>2<\/sup> (force\/unit area).<\/p>\n<p>For example, applying a coating with a higher surface tension than the substrate may cause <strong><em>dewetting, crawling, pinholing, holidays <\/em><\/strong><em>and<strong> telegraphing<\/strong><\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>Likewise, the difference in surface tension at the paint surface can result in <strong><em>cratering<\/em><\/strong> or <strong><em>fisheyes<\/em><\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Table 1: Surface tension of paint Solvents<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 347.90625px;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 149px;\"><strong>Solvent<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 193.90625px;\"><strong>Surface Tension Dynes\/cm<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 149px;\">Water<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 193.90625px;\">72.8<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 149px;\">Toluene<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 193.90625px;\">28.4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 149px;\">Isopropanol<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 193.90625px;\">23.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 149px;\">n-Butanol<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 193.90625px;\">24.8<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 149px;\">Acetone<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 193.90625px;\">25.2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 149px;\">Methyl propyl ketone<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 193.90625px;\">26.6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 149px;\">Methyl amyl ketone<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 193.90625px;\">26.1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 149px;\">PM acetate<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 193.90625px;\">28.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Table 2: Liquid surface tension of Polymers used to reduce surface defects<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 278.734375px;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 187px;\"><strong>Polymer<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 88.734375px;\"><strong>mj\/m<sup>2<\/sup><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 187px;\">Poly(dimethylsiloxane)<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 88.734375px;\">22.6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 187px;\">Poly nButyl Acrylate<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 88.734375px;\">33.7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 187px;\">Poly nButyl Methacrylate<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 88.734375px;\">31.2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Highly polar molecules (e.g. water) have a higher surface tension than less polar materials (see Tables 1 and 2). <strong><em>Surface defects<\/em><\/strong> can often be reduced or eliminated by using small amounts of additives with low surface tension such as polydimethyl siloxanes (DMS), poly butyl acrylate or poly 2-ethyl hexyl acrylate. These additives tend to migrate to the surface to help flow and leveling.<\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Table 3: Defects that can occur during or soon after application<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<table border=\"1\" width=\"536\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"104\"><strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Defect<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"136\"><strong>Appearance<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"138\"><strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Causes<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"158\"><strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Remedy<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"104\"><strong>Crawling<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"136\">Uneven film thickness, dewetting<\/td>\n<td width=\"138\">High surface tension paints applied to a substrate with lower surface tension. For example, paint on steel with oil on the surface<\/td>\n<td width=\"158\">\n<ul>\n<li>Proper surface cleaning of metallic or plastic surfaces<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"104\"><strong>Craters\/fish eyes<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"136\">Small round depressions in the surface of the coating<\/td>\n<td width=\"138\">Small particles of a low surface tension contaminant (e.g. oil, grease, silicone oil, wax) on the substrate or that embeds in the coating<\/td>\n<td width=\"158\">\n<ul>\n<li>Proper spray booth air filtration and the contaminant elimination.<\/li>\n<li>The addition of surface wetting agents such as DMS and\/or polyacrylates with a low glass transition (Tg).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"104\"><strong>Crazing, cracking <\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"136\">Small cracks formed in the coating. This can occur on recoat or if coating is applied to solvent sensitive plastics<\/td>\n<td width=\"138\">Application of coatings on plastics where the paint contains strong solvent that solvates the underlying coating layer or plastic substrate<\/td>\n<td width=\"158\">\n<ul>\n<li>Use solvent that will not crack or craze the plastic.<\/li>\n<li>Test spot resistance of substrate with suitable solvent.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"104\"><strong>Dirt, contamination <\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"136\">Small raised imperfections in the surface of the coating<\/td>\n<td width=\"138\">\n<ul>\n<li>Surface not carefully cleaned.<\/li>\n<li>Dirty spray booth and\/or booth filters.<\/li>\n<li>Pressure in the spray booth too low.<\/li>\n<li>Unsuitable work clothes.<\/li>\n<li>Inadequate paint filtration<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"158\">\n<ul>\n<li>Ensure cleanliness of the environment where the coatings are applied<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"104\"><strong>Loss of gloss, blush<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"136\">Areas of low gloss or a white haze<\/td>\n<td width=\"138\">Humidity condenses on the wet paint due to the cooling effect of solvent evaporation when the substrate temperature is below the dew point. Causes:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Unsuitable reducers<\/li>\n<li>Poor air circulation in drying oven<\/li>\n<li>Film thickness too high or low<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"158\">\n<ul>\n<li>Proper humidity control<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"104\"><strong>Mottling <\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"136\">Uneven appearance of metallic paints<\/td>\n<td width=\"138\">\n<ul>\n<li>Dirty spray gun nozzle<\/li>\n<li>Incorrect air pressure<\/li>\n<li>Incorrect reducer<\/li>\n<li>Faulty spray technique<\/li>\n<li>Incorrect spray viscosity<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"158\">\n<ul>\n<li>Use proper viscosity cup to obtain spray viscosity.<\/li>\n<li>Clean and maintain spray guns on a regular basis.<\/li>\n<li>During application maintain spray gun parallel to the substrate and maintain correct distance from gun to substrate.<\/li>\n<li>Follow Technical Data Sheets instructions.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"104\"><strong>Poor hiding<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"136\">\u00b7 Uneven paint coverage<\/td>\n<td width=\"138\">\n<ul>\n<li>Nonuniform substrate surface<\/li>\n<li>Uneven or inadequate paint coverage to mask the substrate color<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"158\">\n<ul>\n<li>Uniform and sufficient paint application to obtain proper hiding.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"104\"><strong>Runs and sags<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"136\">Drips and sags<\/td>\n<td width=\"138\">\n<ul>\n<li>Paint applied too thick or too wet to a vertical surface and the force of gravity overcomes the forces resisting the downward flow of paint (viscosity).<\/li>\n<li>Temperature too low to enable proper solvent evaporation (solvent born paint), or humidity too high (waterborne paint).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"158\">\n<ul>\n<li>Adjust low shear viscosity of paint with appropriate thickener.<\/li>\n<li>Use proper reducer and viscosity adjustment for environmental conditions.<\/li>\n<li>Adjust spray gun and apply thinner wet coats. If a waterborne paint, apply paint in a lower humidity environment.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"104\"><strong>Skips\/holidays<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"136\">Incomplete paint coverage<\/td>\n<td width=\"138\">\n<ul>\n<li>Paint applied too thin<\/li>\n<li>Minute areas on the substrate surface of low surface tension, causing inadequate film flow and coverage.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"158\">\n<ul>\n<li>Proper paint application and ensure surface cleanliness.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"104\"><strong>Striping, banding<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"136\">Stripes of uneven paint appearance (e.g. differing color)<\/td>\n<td width=\"138\">Uneven paint application<\/td>\n<td width=\"158\">\n<ul>\n<li>Use proper viscosity cup to obtain spray viscosity.<\/li>\n<li>Clean and maintain spray guns on a regular basis.<\/li>\n<li>During application, maintain spray gun parallel at the correct distance to the substrate and maintain<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"104\"><strong>Telegraphing <\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"136\">Highlighting of the surface of the coated substrate through the coating. Such defects as fingerprints, sand scratches and water spots on the substrate become visible on the coating surface<\/td>\n<td width=\"138\">Coating with high surface tension applied to a substrate with lower surface tension. e.g. Fingerprints or silicone oil on a substrate surface.<\/td>\n<td width=\"158\">\n<ul>\n<li>Ensure that the substrate is thoroughly clean and absent of low surface tension oils and fingerprints.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"104\"><strong>Wrinkling, lifting, aligatoring<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"136\">Upon applying an overcoat, the existing paint film shrivels, wrinkles or swells; may also occur during drying.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td width=\"138\">Solvents in the new paint swell the underlying paint finish.<\/td>\n<td width=\"158\">\n<ul>\n<li>Allow sufficient cure times of underlying paint<\/li>\n<li>Ensure that the new paint is compatible with the undercoat<\/li>\n<li>Proper application of the new paint (not too wet).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Table 4: Defects that are more apparent after cure<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<table width=\"536\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"86\"><strong>Defect<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"99\"><strong>Appearance<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"113\"><strong>Causes<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"239\"><strong>Remedy<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"86\"><strong>Air entrapment<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"99\">Similar to solvent popping or bubbles<\/td>\n<td width=\"113\">Paint pump sucking air when paint level is low. In two component urethanes, moisture present reacts with isocyanate to cause CO<sub>2<\/sub> generation.<\/td>\n<td width=\"239\">\n<ul>\n<li>Proper attention to paint line conditions.<\/li>\n<li>Ensure use of urethane grade solvents and proper spray gun air filtration through desicant.<\/li>\n<li>Addition of moisture scavenger in paint.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"86\"><strong>Barnard Cells<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"99\">Hexagonal pattern in the surface of a cured paint film.<\/td>\n<td width=\"113\">Convection pattern from pigment segregation as a result of surface tension differentials<\/td>\n<td width=\"239\">Adjust formulation to overcome flooding and differential surface tension at surface<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"86\"><strong>Blisters<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"99\">Bubbles near the surface of a film during oven cure that do not break through the surface.<\/td>\n<td width=\"113\">Viscosity of the surface of the film increases to a high level, trapping the volatile solvent at a lower level.<\/td>\n<td width=\"239\">\n<ul>\n<li>Proper oven staging to enable slow release of solvent.<\/li>\n<li>In an acid catalyzed system, use an acid salt to slow the cure and enable solvent release.<\/li>\n<li>Increase flash time before bake.<\/li>\n<li>Use slower evaporating solvent.<\/li>\n<li>For spray application, apply additional thinner coats to build film rather than fewer thick coats.<\/li>\n<li>For waterborne coatings, use a dehydration bake lower than the boiling point of water, followed by a second bake to cure.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"86\"><strong>Orange peel<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"99\">Rough surface that resembles the surface profile of an orange<\/td>\n<td width=\"113\">Paint applied at high viscosity or under conditions deleterious to proper flow and leveling.<\/td>\n<td width=\"239\">\n<ul>\n<li>Adjust paint to proper viscosity with correct reducer per technical data sheets.<\/li>\n<li>Apply at proper fluid delivery rate and atomizing air pressure.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"86\"><strong>Solvent pop <\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"99\">Broken bubbles at the surface of a film that do not flow out during oven cure<\/td>\n<td width=\"113\">Viscosity of the surface of the film increases to a high level, trapping the volatile solvent at a lower level. The bubbles break the surface when the solvent volatilizes.<\/td>\n<td width=\"239\">\n<ul>\n<li>Proper oven staging to enable slow release of solvent.<\/li>\n<li>In an acid catalyzed system, use an acid salt to slow the cure and enable solvent release.<\/li>\n<li>Increase flash time before bake.<\/li>\n<li>Use slower evaporating solvent.<\/li>\n<li>For spray application, apply additional thinner coats to build film rather than fewer thick coats.<\/li>\n<li>For waterborne coatings, use a dehydration bake lower than the boiling point of water followed by a second higher bake to cure.<\/li>\n<li>Lastly, the use of lower Tg resins along with lower dry film thickness decrease popping.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Search <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Prospector<\/a> for formulating remedies to overcome paint film defects<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 932px;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 39px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 39px; width: 242px;\"><strong>Defect<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 39px; width: 689px;\"><strong>Remedy material<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 61px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 61px; width: 242px;\">Crawling and substrate wetting<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 61px; width: 689px;\">\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\/en\/na\/Coatings\/search?k=polyether+modified%20Polydimethylsiloxane&amp;st=31\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">polyether modified polydimethylsiloxane\u00a0<\/a>(PDMS)<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\/en\/na\/Coatings\/search?k=nonionic+surfactant&amp;st=31\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">nonionic surfactant <\/a>for waterborne paints<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 61px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 61px; width: 242px;\">Craters and fish eyes<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 61px; width: 689px;\">\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\/en\/na\/Coatings\/search?k=polydimethylsiloxane&amp;st=31\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">PDMS<\/a><\/li>\n<li>polyalkyl acrylates<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 39px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 39px; width: 242px;\">Runs and sags<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 39px; width: 689px;\">\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\/en\/na\/Coatings\/search?k=viscosity+modifier&amp;st=31\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Viscosity modifier<\/a>\u00a0<span style=\"font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit;\">to increase low shear paint viscosity<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 61px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 61px; width: 242px;\">Telegraphing<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 61px; width: 689px;\">\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\/en\/na\/Coatings\/search?k=polyether+modified%20polymethylalkylsiloxane&amp;st=31\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">polyether modified polymethylalkylsiloxane<\/a> to increase low shear viscosity (solvent borne and waterborne)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 83px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 83px; width: 242px;\">Air entrapment<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 83px; width: 689px;\">\n<ul>\n<li>surface tension depressant<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\/en\/na\/Coatings\/search?k=low+molecular%20weight%20acrylic&amp;st=31\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">low molecular weight acrylic<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\/en\/na\/Coatings\/Products\/172\/Anti-Foaming-Agents---Defoamers\/search?k=defoamer&amp;st=31\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">defoamer <\/a>(waterborne)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 131px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 131px; width: 242px;\">Solvent pop, blisters<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 131px; width: 689px;\">For melamine cure systems:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\/en\/na\/Coatings\/search?k=blocked+acid%20catalyst&amp;st=31\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">blocked acid catalyst<\/a><\/li>\n<li>polyalkyl acrylate<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\/en\/na\/Coatings\/search?k=slow+evaporating%20solvent&amp;st=31\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">slow evaporating solvent<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Further reading:<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/451\/pc-coating-film-defects?st=31\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Coating Film Defects<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/5250\/pc-coating-film-defects-part-2?st=31\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Coating Film Defects \u2013 Part 2<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Resources<\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li>Preventing Paint Defects and Failures, Clifford K. Schoff, July 2013, CoatingsTech<\/li>\n<li>UL Prospector, <a href=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/2530\/pc-hydrophobic-coatings?st=31\">Hydrophobic Coatings Explained<\/a>, Ronald Lewarchik, May 29, 2015<\/li>\n<li>Organic Coatings, Science and Technology, Third Addition, wicks et.al., Wiley Interscience, 2007<\/li>\n<li>UL Prospector raw material search engine<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Paint film defects can appear during or immediately after application or become more apparent after the coating is cured. While there is no standard convention for the nomenclature of film defects, this article will separate film defects into the two &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/6636\/pc-overcoming-paint-film-defects-causes-remedies\/\">Continued<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":6639,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"episode_type":"","audio_file":"","podmotor_file_id":"","podmotor_episode_id":"","cover_image":"","cover_image_id":"","duration":"","filesize":"","filesize_raw":"","date_recorded":"","explicit":"","block":"","itunes_episode_number":"","itunes_title":"","itunes_season_number":"","itunes_episode_type":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[16],"tags":[237,255],"ppma_author":[1249],"class_list":{"0":"post-6636","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-paint-coatings","8":"tag-formulation-challenge","9":"tag-coating-defects","10":"entry"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Overcoming paint defects: causes and solutions<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Crawling, crafters, crazing - a variety of paint defects can occur after application or curing. 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Lewarchik, President and CEO of Chemical Dynamics, LLC, brings 40 years of paint and coatings industry expertise to his role as a contributing author with the Prospector Knowledge Center. As a contributing writer, Ron pens articles on topics relevant to formulators in the coatings industry. He also serves as a consultant for the Prospector materials search engine, advising on issues related to optimization and organization materials within the database. Ron's company, Chemical Dynamics, LLC (www.chemicaldynamics.net), is a full-service paint and coatings firm specializing in consulting and product development based in Plymouth, Michigan. Since 2004, he has provided consulting, product development, contract research, feasibility studies, failure mode analysis and more for a wide range of clients, as well as their suppliers, customers and coaters. He has also served as an Adjunct Research Professor at the Coatings Research Institute of Eastern Michigan University. 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Lewarchik, President and CEO of Chemical Dynamics, LLC, brings 40 years of paint and coatings industry expertise to his role as a contributing author with the Prospector Knowledge Center. As a contributing writer, Ron pens articles on topics relevant to formulators in the coatings industry. He also serves as a consultant for the Prospector materials search engine, advising on issues related to optimization and organization materials within the database. Ron's company, Chemical Dynamics, LLC (www.chemicaldynamics.net), is a full-service paint and coatings firm specializing in consulting and product development based in Plymouth, Michigan. Since 2004, he has provided consulting, product development, contract research, feasibility studies, failure mode analysis and more for a wide range of clients, as well as their suppliers, customers and coaters. He has also served as an Adjunct Research Professor at the Coatings Research Institute of Eastern Michigan University. 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