{"id":6818,"date":"2022-08-31T08:00:01","date_gmt":"2022-08-31T14:00:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\/knowledge\/?p=6818"},"modified":"2022-08-31T15:43:01","modified_gmt":"2022-08-31T21:43:01","slug":"pc-transparent-inorganic-pigments-titanium-dioxide-iron-oxide","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/6818\/pc-transparent-inorganic-pigments-titanium-dioxide-iron-oxide\/","title":{"rendered":"Transparent Inorganic Pigments: Titanium Dioxide and Iron Oxide"},"content":{"rendered":"

Original article date: July 14, 2017
\nUpdated by Jochum Beetsma – August 2022<\/p>\n

This article is the follow-up of article Optical Properties of Pigments: Absorption and Scattering<\/em>1<\/sup>. Absorption and scattering of light by a pigment in a coating are governed by the chemical composition of the pigment and the size of the pigment particles.<\/p>\n

\"Absorption
Absorption and scattering efficiency of light by pigment particles<\/center><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Each molecule in a pigment particle participates in absorption. Molecules in the core of a big particle do not have the ability to absorb light because the light was already absorbed by the molecules that are in the shell of the particle. This implies that the absorption efficiency of solid particles goes up when the particle size goes down: small particles have more surface area per gram of pigment than big particles.\u00a0The scattering of light by particles depends upon the size of the particles as well. With respect to scattering, there is an optimum with respect to particle size1<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Transparent titanium dioxide<\/h3>\n

In most coatings, titanium dioxide (TiO2<\/sub>) is used as white pigment giving white color strength as well as hiding power, also called opacity2,3<\/sup>. The underlying principle is two-fold.<\/p>\n

First, microscopic TiO2<\/sub> particles scatter visible light (electromagnetic radiation with wavelength \u03bb<\/strong> \u2248 380 – 750 nm) effectively because TiO2<\/sub> has a high refractive index, represented by the letter \u2018n\u2019. Optimum scattering of visible light by particles in a system is obtained when the particles have a diameter of about half the wavelength of the light. The diameter of opaque TiO2<\/sub> pigments is in the range of 300 nm for that reason.<\/p>\n

Secondly, titanium dioxide does hardly absorb visible light. That is why we see the particles as white.<\/p>\n

\"Optical
Optical properties of opaque and nano-sized TiO2 particles<\/center><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

TiO2<\/sub> pigment absorbs UV radiation effectively, especially when the particles are small. Small particles have a high specific surface area and therefore contain many surface molecules that are most effective in absorbing light. Nano-sized titanium dioxide (nano-TiO2<\/sub>) pigments, with a particle diameter \u2018d\u2019 far below 100 nm, are used as a UV absorber in systems like paints, inks and plastics. A coating that contains nano-TiO2<\/sub> is transparent because the particles hardly scatter visible light.<\/p>\n

As nanoparticles are difficult to disperse in a liquid, many companies choose to buy ready-to-use dispersions of nano-TiO2<\/sub>. An example of such a product is CCR 150 of Cinkarna<\/a>. CCR 150 is a dispersion of 16 weight-% of nano-TiO2<\/sub> particles, with an average diameter of around 10 nm, in water. The material can be used as a UV absorber in paints, plastics and foils. Because of the small particle size, the product can be used in transparent systems.<\/p>\n

Transparent iron oxide pigments<\/h3>\n

Iron oxide red (Fe2<\/sub>O3<\/sub>, color index PR 101) and iron oxide yellow (FeOOH, color index PY 42) are inorganic solids that are used as color pigments in paints. As these materials have a high refractive index, the particles scatter visible light strongly. Iron oxide pigments are colored, implying that the particles absorb part of the visible light1<\/sup>. For some applications, colored pigments are desired that absorb part of the visible light, but that scatter visible light as little as possible.<\/p>\n

\"Optical
Optical properties of opaque and nano-sized Fe2O3 particles<\/center><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Minor scattering is desired in, for example, transparent wood stains also called wood varnishes. Such coatings must protect the wood and give color to the object. On the other hand, the beautiful wood structure must remain visible. To achieve this combination of properties, the coating must contain pigments that absorb part of the visible light to obtain color, but that hardly scatter visible light to obtain transparency.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Wood stain containing transparent iron oxide red pigment. Copyright: jaromirklein\/123RF Stock Photo<\/a><\/center><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

An example of a transparent iron oxide red pigment is TRAFe\u00ae<\/sup> BTR-201W of Chemsfield<\/a>. The particle size is not given in the Technical Data Sheet of this product, but the high specific surface area value tells us that the pigment consists of small particles and has a high amount of surface molecules.<\/p>\n

TRAFe\u00ae<\/sup> BTY-101W<\/a> is a transparent iron oxide yellow pigment from the same product range.<\/p>\n

Transparent iron oxide pigments are difficult to disperse, especially because many of these products consist of needle-shaped particles. For this reason, paint-producing companies often choose to buy ready-to-use pigment concentrates. CLiQ SwissTech<\/a> supplies dispersions of transparent iron oxide pigments, for example, CLiQTRANS\u00ae<\/sup> RW 41<\/a> and CLiQTRANS\u00ae<\/sup> YW 50<\/a>.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 References<\/strong><\/h3>\n
    \n
  1. Article Optical Properties of Pigments: Absorption and Scattering<\/em><\/a>, Jochum Beetsma, 9 March 2022.<\/li>\n
  2. Article Titanium Dioxide: The Misunderstood Pigment<\/em><\/a>, Marc Hirsch, 27 March 2020.<\/li>\n
  3. Article Efficient Use of TiO2<\/sub> Pigment<\/em><\/a>, Jochum Beetsma, 1 August 2019.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Original article date: July 14, 2017 Updated by Jochum Beetsma – August 2022 This article is the follow-up of article Optical Properties of Pigments: Absorption and Scattering1. Absorption and scattering of light by a pigment in a coating are governed … Continued<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":6823,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"episode_type":"","audio_file":"","podmotor_file_id":"","podmotor_episode_id":"","cover_image":"","cover_image_id":"","duration":"","filesize":"","filesize_raw":"","date_recorded":"","explicit":"","block":"","itunes_episode_number":"","itunes_title":"","itunes_season_number":"","itunes_episode_type":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[16],"tags":[228],"ppma_author":[1235],"class_list":{"0":"post-6818","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-paint-coatings","8":"tag-material-deep-dive","9":"entry"},"yoast_head":"\nTransparent Inorganic Pigments: Titanium Dioxide and Iron Oxide<\/title>\n<meta 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Jochum Beetsma brings expertise in physical chemistry, raw materials, product development, innovation implementation and problem solving to his role as a paint and coatings industry expert at Prospector. As graduated physical chemist and PDMA-certified New Product Development Professional, Jochum Beetsma authors in-depth technical articles for Knowledge.ULProspector.com. Since 2004, Jochum is independent consultant, advising companies from around the world in coatings, inks and related industries. Jochum develops and executes in-company training programs on coatings and he works as interim project manager. Prior to becoming consultant, he spent 13 years at DSM Coating Resins. While at DSM, he was project manager of New Product Development projects, focusing on water-based, solvent-based, high-solids and powder coatings. He also served as chairman of the Project Management Platform within DSM. He coached project teams and prepared and facilitated complex project sessions like Project Start-Ups. Previous to his time at DSM, Jochum was a coating chemist at PPG. Jochum is widely published in various international scientific magazines and has delivered lectures worldwide. He is a current lecturer and member of the Expert Team of SpecialChem. He is also a coatings technology lecturer for, amongst others, Polymer Technology Netherlands. He currently resides in Zwolle, The Netherlands. Contact Jochum via email (j.beetsma@meritus.nl) to learn more about his consulting services.","sameAs":["https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com"],"url":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/author\/jochum-beetsma\/"}]}},"authors":[{"term_id":1235,"user_id":11,"is_guest":0,"slug":"jochum-beetsma","display_name":"Jochum Beetsma","avatar_url":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/Jochum-Beetsma.jpg","0":null,"1":"","2":"","3":"","4":"","5":"","6":"","7":"","8":""}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6818","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/11"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6818"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6818\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/6823"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6818"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6818"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6818"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ppma_author?post=6818"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}