{"id":7081,"date":"2022-11-30T08:00:54","date_gmt":"2022-11-30T14:00:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\/knowledge\/?p=7081"},"modified":"2024-06-26T08:53:13","modified_gmt":"2024-06-26T14:53:13","slug":"pc-formulating-foolproof-waterbased-colorants","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/7081\/pc-formulating-foolproof-waterbased-colorants\/","title":{"rendered":"Formulating Foolproof Waterbased Colorants"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Original article date: Sept. 15, 2017<br \/>\nUpdated November 2022<\/p>\n<h3>Introduction<\/h3>\n<p>A colorant is a concentrated dispersion of color pigment that can be added to a base paint to color that paint. A wide variety of colors can be made when <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\/en\/na\/Coatings\/Products\/3820\/Pigments---Pigment-Dispersions\/search?k=Colorants&amp;st=31&amp;so=k_0&amp;sl=144610720&amp;utm_source=KnowledgeCenter&amp;utm_medium=article&amp;utm_campaign=Colorants&amp;utm_term=2022PC&amp;utm_content=Beetsma\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">colorants<\/a>, each containing one specific color pigment, are combined. A line of foolproof colorants complies with several criteria to assure that a certain mixing ratio of colorants always gives the same color<sup>1<\/sup>. First, each batch of colorant must have the same color tone and color strength. Secondly, the color tone and color strength of each of the individual colorants must remain constant, even when the colorants are stored for a long time. A clever choice of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\/en\/na\/Coatings\/Product?utm_source=KnowledgeCenter&amp;utm_medium=article&amp;utm_campaign=Colorants&amp;utm_term=2022PC&amp;utm_content=Beetsma\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">raw materials<\/a> is needed to assure a robust line of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\/en\/na\/Coatings\/Products\/3820\/Pigments---Pigment-Dispersions\/search?k=Colorants&amp;st=31&amp;so=k_0&amp;sl=144610720&amp;utm_source=KnowledgeCenter&amp;utm_medium=article&amp;utm_campaign=Colorants&amp;utm_term=2022PC&amp;utm_content=Beetsma\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">colorants<\/a>.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_13872\" class=\"thumbnail wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"width: 800px\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-13872 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/media\/2017\/09\/1.Adding-colorants-from-a-dispenser-to-base-paint.jpg\" alt=\"Adding colorants from a dispenser to base paint. Courtesy of Fast &amp; Fluid Management B.V.\" width=\"800\" height=\"240\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/1.Adding-colorants-from-a-dispenser-to-base-paint.jpg 800w, https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/1.Adding-colorants-from-a-dispenser-to-base-paint-300x90.jpg 300w, https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/1.Adding-colorants-from-a-dispenser-to-base-paint-768x230.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption class=\"caption wp-caption-text\"><center>Adding colorants from a dispenser to base paint. Courtesy of Fast &amp; Fluid Management B.V.<\/center><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3>Composition of waterbased colorants<\/h3>\n<p>A colorant used for waterbased paints is most often a concentrated dispersion of one specific color pigment in water. Developers of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\/en\/na\/Coatings\/Products\/3820\/Pigments---Pigment-Dispersions\/Product\/search?k=%22Waterbased%22&amp;st=31&amp;so=k_0+bt&amp;sl=144610892&amp;utm_source=KnowledgeCenter&amp;utm_medium=article&amp;utm_campaign=Colorants&amp;utm_term=2022PC&amp;utm_content=Beetsma\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">waterbased colorants<\/a> strive to create products that are compatible with a wide range of waterbased paint systems. These paints can be based on, for example, acrylic dispersion, polyurethane dispersion or alkyd emulsion. To assure broad compatibility, colorants must contain a low number of different components.<\/p>\n<p>The presence of resin in a colorant might give compatibility problems with the binder system of the base paint. Therefore, colorants preferably do not contain resin. The desired colorants are often referred to as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\/en\/na\/Coatings\/Product\/search?k=%27Resin-Free+Pigment%27&amp;st=31&amp;so=k_0&amp;sl=144611106&amp;utm_source=KnowledgeCenter&amp;utm_medium=article&amp;utm_campaign=Colorants&amp;utm_term=2022PC&amp;utm_content=Beetsma\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Resin-Free Pigment Concentrates<\/em> (RFPC)<\/a> or <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\/en\/na\/Coatings\/Products\/3820\/Pigments---Pigment-Dispersions\/Product\/search?k=%27Binder-Free+Pigment%27&amp;st=31&amp;so=k_0+bt&amp;sl=144611170&amp;utm_source=KnowledgeCenter&amp;utm_medium=article&amp;utm_campaign=Colorants&amp;utm_term=2022PC&amp;utm_content=Beetsma\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Binder-Free Pigment Concentrates<\/em> (BFPC)<\/a>.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_13873\" class=\"thumbnail wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"width: 800px\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-13873 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/media\/2017\/09\/2.General-composition-of-a-waterbased-colorant.jpg\" alt=\"General composition of a waterbased colorant.\" width=\"800\" height=\"280\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/2.General-composition-of-a-waterbased-colorant.jpg 800w, https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/2.General-composition-of-a-waterbased-colorant-300x105.jpg 300w, https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/2.General-composition-of-a-waterbased-colorant-768x269.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption class=\"caption wp-caption-text\"><center>General composition of a waterbased colorant.<\/center><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>A modern waterbased colorant is zero-VOC, implying that the product is free of organic solvents.<\/p>\n<p>A rheology additive is needed to prevent sedimentation of the pigment particles during storage. Use of a suitable rheology additive is especially important for colorants based on inorganic pigments, which have a high density. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\/en\/na\/Coatings\/Detail\/34184\/26722\/AEROSIL-200?st=31&amp;utm_source=KnowledgeCenter&amp;utm_medium=article&amp;utm_campaign=Colorants&amp;utm_term=2022PC&amp;utm_content=Beetsma\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Aerosil<sup>\u00ae<\/sup> 200<\/a> is a fumed silica that is often used in waterbased colorants to prevent sedimentation.<\/p>\n<p>As <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\/en\/na\/Coatings\/Products\/3820\/Pigments---Pigment-Dispersions\/search?k=Colorants&amp;st=31&amp;so=k_0&amp;sl=144610720&amp;utm_source=KnowledgeCenter&amp;utm_medium=article&amp;utm_campaign=Colorants&amp;utm_term=2022PC&amp;utm_content=Beetsma\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">colorants<\/a> become more and more environmentally friendly, they are more attractive to micro-organisms like bacteria, fungi and algae. Waterbased colorants must contain an effective preservative for that reason.<\/p>\n<p>Preferably, wetting agents are excluded from colorants as wetting agents can give problems like foam, increased water sensitivity and worse mechanical properties. No wetting agent is needed when <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\/en\/na\/Coatings\/Products\/3820\/Pigments---Pigment-Dispersions\/search?k=%27hydrophilic+pigments%27&amp;st=31&amp;so=k_0&amp;sl=144612648&amp;utm_source=KnowledgeCenter&amp;utm_medium=article&amp;utm_campaign=Colorants&amp;utm_term=2022PC&amp;utm_content=Beetsma\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">hydrophilic pigments<\/a> are used.<\/p>\n<p>Many waterbased colorants contain a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\/en\/na\/Coatings\/Product\/search?k=Water-Retention+Additives+%2F+Humectants&amp;sug=31&amp;st=1&amp;utm_source=KnowledgeCenter&amp;utm_medium=article&amp;utm_campaign=Colorants&amp;utm_term=2022PC&amp;utm_content=Beetsma\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">humectant<\/a> to prevent drying-in, caused by the evaporation of water.<\/p>\n<h3>Dispersant<\/h3>\n<p>A key raw material in colorants is the dispersant<sup>2<\/sup>, an additive which assures stabilization of the separated solid particles against flocculation. In a foolproof waterbased colorant, the pigment particles repel each other by both electrostatic repulsion<sup>3<\/sup> and steric repulsion<sup>4<\/sup>. It is said that such dispersants give electrosteric stabilization.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_13874\" class=\"thumbnail wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"width: 800px\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-13874 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/media\/2017\/09\/3.Green-color-pigment-particle-in-water-stabilized-via-electrosteric-repulsion.jpg\" alt=\"Green color pigment particle in water, stabilized via electrosteric repulsion.\" width=\"800\" height=\"246\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/3.Green-color-pigment-particle-in-water-stabilized-via-electrosteric-repulsion.jpg 800w, https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/3.Green-color-pigment-particle-in-water-stabilized-via-electrosteric-repulsion-300x92.jpg 300w, https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/3.Green-color-pigment-particle-in-water-stabilized-via-electrosteric-repulsion-768x236.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption class=\"caption wp-caption-text\"><center>Green color pigment particle in water, stabilized via electrosteric repulsion.<\/center><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>This dual-stabilization mechanism is needed to assure that the colorants are miscible with as many different waterbased paint systems as possible.<\/p>\n<p>Preferably, a system developer uses as few as possible different dispersants for the whole range of color pigments in a line of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\/en\/na\/Coatings\/Products\/3820\/Pigments---Pigment-Dispersions\/search?k=Colorants&amp;st=31&amp;so=k_0&amp;sl=144610720&amp;utm_source=KnowledgeCenter&amp;utm_medium=article&amp;utm_campaign=Colorants&amp;utm_term=2022PC&amp;utm_content=Beetsma\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">colorants<\/a>. This implies that the dispersant molecules must adsorb strongly at the surface of a wide variety of different pigments. A good dispersant for modern waterbased colorants complies with a few key criteria. First, the additive should be solvent-free. Secondly, to assure strong adsorption of the polymeric molecules at the surface of different pigments, the molecules must have a multi-anchor structure. This implies that each dispersant molecule has a variety of chemical groups that have a strong affinity for specific solid surfaces. These chemical groups, the anchoring groups, give strong adsorption, called anchoring.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_13875\" class=\"thumbnail wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"width: 800px\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-13875 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/media\/2017\/09\/4.Anchoring-of-dispersant-molecules-on-the-surface-of-a-pigment-particle.jpg\" alt=\"Anchoring of dispersant molecules on the surface of a pigment particle.\" width=\"800\" height=\"262\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/4.Anchoring-of-dispersant-molecules-on-the-surface-of-a-pigment-particle.jpg 800w, https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/4.Anchoring-of-dispersant-molecules-on-the-surface-of-a-pigment-particle-300x98.jpg 300w, https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/4.Anchoring-of-dispersant-molecules-on-the-surface-of-a-pigment-particle-768x252.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption class=\"caption wp-caption-text\"><center>Anchoring of dispersant molecules on the surface of a pigment particle.<\/center><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\/en\/na\/Coatings\/Detail\/104\/188982\/DISPERBYK-199?st=31&amp;utm_source=KnowledgeCenter&amp;utm_medium=article&amp;utm_campaign=Colorants&amp;utm_term=2022PC&amp;utm_content=Beetsma\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Disperbyk<sup>\u00ae<\/sup>-199<\/a> is a polymeric solvent-free dispersant designed to stabilize a broad range of color pigments against flocculation in waterbased systems. The compatibility of colorants based on these types of dispersants is broad because the additives do not contain resin and they give electrosteric stabilization.<\/p>\n<h3>To develop or not develop colorants<\/h3>\n<p>The exact choice of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\/en\/na\/Coatings\/Product?utm_source=KnowledgeCenter&amp;utm_medium=article&amp;utm_campaign=Colorants&amp;utm_term=2022PC&amp;utm_content=Beetsma\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">raw materials<\/a> and the amounts to use in a line of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\/en\/na\/Coatings\/Products\/3820\/Pigments---Pigment-Dispersions\/search?k=Colorants&amp;st=31&amp;so=k_0&amp;sl=144610720&amp;utm_source=KnowledgeCenter&amp;utm_medium=article&amp;utm_campaign=Colorants&amp;utm_term=2022PC&amp;utm_content=Beetsma\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">colorants<\/a> depends on several factors like the pigments that are used and the types of paints that must be colored. The development of foolproof waterbased colorants that have constant color tone and color strength is a time-consuming and expensive task. Many paint manufacturers, therefore, choose to use ready-to-use colorants from companies that are specialized in developing and producing colorants, like <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\/en\/na\/Coatings\/Suppliers\/1433\/Chromaflo-Technologies\/search?sug=1&amp;st=31&amp;utm_source=KnowledgeCenter&amp;utm_medium=article&amp;utm_campaign=Colorants&amp;utm_term=2022PC&amp;utm_content=Beetsma\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Chromaflo Technologies<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>References<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Article <a href=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/10780\/pc-the-cielab-lab-system-the-method-to-quantify-colors-of-coatings\/?utm_source=KnowledgeCenter&amp;utm_medium=article&amp;utm_campaign=Colorants&amp;utm_term=2022PC&amp;utm_content=Beetsma\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>The CIELAB L*a*b* System \u2013 the Method to Quantify Colors of Coatings<\/em><\/a>, Jochum Beetsma, 11 September 2020.<\/li>\n<li>Article <a href=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/12258\/pc-dispersants-the-understood-misunderstood-additive\/?utm_source=KnowledgeCenter&amp;utm_medium=article&amp;utm_campaign=Colorants&amp;utm_term=2022PC&amp;utm_content=Beetsma\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Dispersants \u2013 The Understood Misunderstood Additive<\/em><\/a>, Marc Hirsch, 10 September 2021.<\/li>\n<li>Article <a href=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/5293\/pc-dispersants-electrostatic-stabilisation\/?utm_source=KnowledgeCenter&amp;utm_medium=article&amp;utm_campaign=Colorants&amp;utm_term=2022PC&amp;utm_content=Beetsma#%3A%7E%3Atext=Dispersant+molecules+must+have+two%2Cthat+have+a+negative+charge.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Dispersants for Electrostatic Stabilization<\/em>, Jochum Beetsma<\/a>, 21 November 2021.<\/li>\n<li>Article <a href=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/5437\/dispersants-for-steric-stabilisation\/?utm_source=KnowledgeCenter&amp;utm_medium=article&amp;utm_campaign=Colorants&amp;utm_term=2022PC&amp;utm_content=Beetsma#%3A%7E%3Atext=Dispersants+that+provide+steric+stabilization%2Cattached+to+the+anchor+block.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Dispersants for Steric Stabilization<\/em><\/a>, Jochum Beetsma, 1 October 2021.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Original article date: Sept. 15, 2017 Updated November 2022 Introduction A colorant is a concentrated dispersion of color pigment that can be added to a base paint to color that paint. A wide variety of colors can be made when &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/7081\/pc-formulating-foolproof-waterbased-colorants\/\">Continued<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":7082,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"episode_type":"","audio_file":"","podmotor_file_id":"","podmotor_episode_id":"","cover_image":"","cover_image_id":"","duration":"","filesize":"","filesize_raw":"","date_recorded":"","explicit":"","block":"","itunes_episode_number":"","itunes_title":"","itunes_season_number":"","itunes_episode_type":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[16],"tags":[],"ppma_author":[1235],"class_list":{"0":"post-7081","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-paint-coatings","8":"entry"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Waterbased colorants: Foolproof materials and formulating tips<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"From additives to dispersants, learn the keys to formulating waterbased colorants that are compatible with a variety of paints and coatings.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/7081\/pc-formulating-foolproof-waterbased-colorants\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Waterbased colorants: Foolproof materials and formulating tips\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"From additives to dispersants, learn the keys to formulating waterbased colorants that are compatible with a variety of paints and coatings.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/7081\/pc-formulating-foolproof-waterbased-colorants\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Prospector Knowledge Center\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2022-11-30T14:00:54+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-06-26T14:53:13+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/pc-paint-swirl-78133185_1200.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1200\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"630\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Jochum Beetsma\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:description\" content=\"From additives to dispersants, learn the keys to formulating waterbased colorants that are compatible with a variety of paints and coatings.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:image\" content=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/pc-paint-swirl-78133185_1200.jpg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Jochum Beetsma\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"5 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ulprospector.ul.com\\\/7081\\\/pc-formulating-foolproof-waterbased-colorants\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ulprospector.ul.com\\\/7081\\\/pc-formulating-foolproof-waterbased-colorants\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Jochum Beetsma\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ulprospector.ul.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/5e051af42d246443d9fa8a14367aa2e5\"},\"headline\":\"Formulating Foolproof Waterbased Colorants\",\"datePublished\":\"2022-11-30T14:00:54+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2024-06-26T14:53:13+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ulprospector.ul.com\\\/7081\\\/pc-formulating-foolproof-waterbased-colorants\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":808,\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ulprospector.ul.com\\\/7081\\\/pc-formulating-foolproof-waterbased-colorants\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ulprospector.ul.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2017\\\/09\\\/pc-paint-swirl-78133185_600.jpg\",\"articleSection\":[\"Paint &amp; 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