{"id":7473,"date":"2017-12-01T08:00:44","date_gmt":"2017-12-01T14:00:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\/knowledge\/?p=7473"},"modified":"2023-06-06T12:50:51","modified_gmt":"2023-06-06T18:50:51","slug":"pe-polymers-in-regenerative-medicine","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/7473\/pe-polymers-in-regenerative-medicine\/","title":{"rendered":"Spin to Win: Polymers in Regenerative Medicine"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Regenerative medicine is a multidisciplinary field that deploys biologists, engineers (biomedical, mechanical, electrical), and medical personnel (surgeons, cardiologists, research nurses) to work together.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"thumbnail wp-caption alignright\" style=\"width: 274px\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/media\/2017\/11\/spin-to-win1-1-274x300.jpg\" alt=\"Diagram of tissue engineering triad of cells, signals and the scaffold which acts as a template in regenerative medicine. Learn more in the Prospector Knowledge Center.\" width=\"274\" height=\"300\" \/><figcaption class=\"caption wp-caption-text\">Regenerative medicine &#8211; Tissue engineering triad of cells, signals and the scaffold which acts as a template.<sup>1<\/sup><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><strong>Regeneration <\/strong>means the regrowth of a damaged or missing organ part from the remaining tissue. As adults, humans can automatically regenerate some organs, such as the liver &#8211; if part of the liver is lost by disease or injury, the liver grows back to its original size, though not its original shape. And our skin is constantly being renewed and repaired. Unfortunately, many other human tissues don\u2019t regenerate, and the goal in regenerative medicine is to find ways to kick-start tissue regeneration in the body, or to engineer replacement tissues.<\/p>\n<p>Research has pursued a variety of ventures, including building new bioreactors, finding ways to grow billions of necessary cells, discovering how to derive stem cells from an adult individual, and the advent of new materials that can be used as templates, or \u201cscaffolds,\u201d to guide the growth of new tissue.<\/p>\n<p>Typically, three individual groups of biomaterials\u2014ceramics, synthetic polymers and natural polymers\u2014are used in the fabrication of scaffolds for tissue engineering. Each of these individual biomaterial groups has specific advantages and disadvantages so the use of composite scaffolds comprised of different phases is becoming increasingly common.<\/p>\n<h3>Biomaterial scaffold requirements<\/h3>\n<p>Numerous scaffolds produced from a variety of biomaterials and manufactured via a plethora of fabrication techniques have been used in the field in attempts to regenerate different tissues and organs in the body. Regardless of the tissue type, a number of key considerations are important when designing or determining the suitability of a scaffold for use in tissue engineering:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Biocompatibility:<\/strong> after implantation, the scaffold or tissue engineered construct must elicit a negligible immune reaction to prevent it causing from such a response that might reduce healing or cause rejection by the body.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Biodegradability:<\/strong> the objective of tissue engineering is to allow the body&#8217;s own cells, over time, to eventually replace the implanted scaffold or tissue engineered construct.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Mechanical properties:<\/strong> ideally, the scaffold should have mechanical properties consistent with the anatomical site into which it is to be implanted and, from a practical perspective, it must be strong enough to allow surgical handling during implantation.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Scaffold architecture:<\/strong> scaffolds should have an interconnected pore structure and high porosity to ensure cellular penetration and adequate diffusion of nutrients to cells within the construct and to the extra-cellular matrix formed by these cells.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The ability of polymers to span wide ranges of mechanical properties and morph into desired shapes makes them attractive for scaffolds, self-assembling materials, and nanomedicines.<\/p>\n<p>Numerous synthetic polymers have been used in the attempt to produce scaffolds including polystyrene, poly-l-lactic acid (PLLA), polyglycolic acid (PGA) and poly-dl-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA). While these materials have shown much success, as they can be fabricated with a tailored architecture, and their degradation characteristics controlled, they have drawbacks including the risk of rejection due to reduced bioactivity. Concerns exist about the degradation process of PLLA and PGA as they degrade by hydrolysis.<\/p>\n<p>Biological materials such as collagen, various proteoglycans, alginate-based substrates and chitosan have all been used in the production of scaffolds for tissue engineering. Unlike synthetic polymer-based scaffolds, natural polymers are biologically active and typically promote excellent cell adhesion and growth. Furthermore, they are also biodegradable. However, fabricating scaffolds from biological materials with homogeneous and reproducible structures presents a further challenge. In addition, the scaffolds generally have poor mechanical properties.<\/p>\n<h3>Electrospinning<\/h3>\n<p>The electrospinning process, although still being optimised for many different applications, is no longer a university laboratory curiosity. It is now established as a commercially viable manufacturing process with nanofibres of a range of different polymers.<\/p>\n<p>Creating composite structures using nanofibres can be considered in two ways. Firstly, nanofibres can be incorporated in, for example, a thermoplastic matrix to enhance strength, stiffness, wear resistance and a reduced risk of crack propagation in relatively weak materials. Secondly, a strength-yielding fibre can be co-spun using an electrospinning process such that alignment of the nanotubes in the fibre is achieved, leading to enhanced performance of the fibre combination.<\/p>\n<p>Initial applications for electrospun nanofibres in the medical field include 3D scaffolds, which provide an ideal substrate for the growth of human cells resulting in major advantages over cells grown in a 2D network.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_7476\" class=\"thumbnail wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"width: 150px\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/media\/2017\/11\/spin-to-win-Highly-porous-Mimitex-air-scaffold-Sample-small-green-150x150.png\" alt=\"Highly porous Mimitex air scaffold used in regenerative medicine. Learn more in the Prospector Knowledge Center.\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" \/><figcaption class=\"caption wp-caption-text\">Highly porous Mimitex air scaffold<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>In order for the pharmaceutical industry to take full advantage of the potential of 3D scaffolds, the process must be compatible with automated testing and imaging systems. The Electrospinning Company has solved this problem with its new Mimetix scaffold. This is laser-welded into the base of a 96-well plate, providing a flat base for imaging and excellent well-to-well uniformity.<\/p>\n<p>Oxford Biomaterials has been developing novel product forms based on silk nanofibres since 2001. The focus has been on the development and modification of spider silk-like fibres and scaffolds for the medical device industry.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_7477\" class=\"thumbnail wp-caption alignright\" style=\"width: 198px\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/media\/2017\/11\/spin-to-win-neurotex1.jpeg\" alt=\"Fluorescent image of nerve growth on Spidrex silk. Learn more in the Prospector Knowledge Center.\" width=\"198\" height=\"127\" \/><figcaption class=\"caption wp-caption-text\">Fluorescent image of nerve growth on Spidrex silk: courtesy of Prof. John Priestley, Centre for Neuroscience and Trauma, Queen Mary University London<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Although scaffolds for supporting cell growth have been of much interest for many years in the context of regenerative medicine, there have been concerns about the potential for poor cell infiltration throughout the entire depth of the scaffolds. Such problems have limited the use of scaffolds as tissue engineering biomaterials in regenerative medicine.<\/p>\n<p>Researchers at University College London (UCL) have been able to demonstrate the ability to electrospin\u00a0cells directly with both a biopolymer and other advanced materials for simultaneously forming a 3D living system that imitates native tissues.<\/p>\n<p>Spi3Dr Ltd is an early stage startup company founded by Dr Anthony Cooper with ambitions to revolutionise 3D printing through the improvement of the materials that can be 3D printed. It is developing a process to produce 3D printed composites containing an appropriate nanofibre reinforcing polymer.<\/p>\n<p>While the industrial 3D printer is capable of producing highly complex structures based on thermoplastics or thermosets, at the low-cost end of 3D printing equipment, only thermoplastics can be used. Incorporation of nanofibres at the 3D printer print head provides an attractive proposition, with the ability to switch the nanofibres on and off, leading to the potential for patterning at differing nanofibre densities and fibre types. Work continues with a method of electrospinning carbon nanotubes (CNTs) into a polymer delivered via a 3D printer.<\/p>\n<p>Novel composite nanofibres have also been produced at University of Manchester. In this case, the nanofibres are co-electrospun with an outer sheath covering a central core. While the shell material can be a conventional electrospun polymer, such as PCL, the core may be a material such as PEO, olive oil, mineral oil or sugar water solution and may be removed after co-electrospinning, leaving a novel hollow fibre construction. Applications for such constructions are being developed given the range of material combinations that might be possible.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>Research biopolymers in Prospector<\/h3>\n<p>Prospector has listings from global suppliers for biopolymers with a variety of attributes. Find technical data, order samples and more now&#8230;<\/p>\n<h3><a role=\"button\" href=\"https:\/\/materials.ulprospector.com\/en\/search\/basic?SET=GREEN&amp;A=RESET\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><br \/>\nSearch Here<\/a><\/h3>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>Further Reading:<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/3312\/pe-wireless-thermometer-patch-taps-into-feverish-wearables-market?st=31\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Wireless thermometer patch taps into feverish wearables market<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/6789\/webinar-pe-color-medical-colored-thermoplastic-compounds-medical-applications?st=31\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Color It Medical \u2013 Colored Thermoplastic Compounds for Medical Applications<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/5529\/pe-k-show-medical-polymers?st=31\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">K Show Recap: Medical Polymers in the Spotlight<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>References:<\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li>Fergal J.O&#8217;Brien Biomaterials &amp; scaffolds for tissue engineering. Materials Today Volume 14, Issue 3, March 2011, Pages 88-95 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1369-7021(11)70058-X<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Regenerative medicine is a multidisciplinary field that deploys biologists, engineers (biomedical, mechanical, electrical), and medical personnel (surgeons, cardiologists, research nurses) to work together. Regeneration means the regrowth of a damaged or missing organ part from the remaining tissue. As adults, &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/7473\/pe-polymers-in-regenerative-medicine\/\">Continued<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":22,"featured_media":7478,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"episode_type":"","audio_file":"","podmotor_file_id":"","podmotor_episode_id":"","cover_image":"","cover_image_id":"","duration":"","filesize":"","filesize_raw":"","date_recorded":"","explicit":"","block":"","itunes_episode_number":"","itunes_title":"","itunes_season_number":"","itunes_episode_type":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[30,21],"tags":[247,275],"ppma_author":[1238],"class_list":{"0":"post-7473","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-materials","8":"category-plastics-2","9":"tag-application","10":"tag-materials","11":"entry"},"yoast_head":"<!-- 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Having originally qualified as a metallurgist at Cambridge University, Andy spent a period as a consultant, where he specialised in advanced composites, asbestos substitutes and the methodology of materials selection, subjects on which he has published several books and technical papers. Since the early 1980s, he has edited many of the leading manufacturing and engineering titles in the UK, firstly cutting his teeth as a technical journalist on Design Engineering. Known as \"The Materials Man\", he covered many of the early innovations in engineering plastics. He was promoted to editor in 1985 and subsequently moved on to edit Engineering magazine (1992), and Industrial Technology (1994). In 1999, with former colleagues, he launched Pro-Talk, which founded the first online publications for engineers in Europe - the then thriving business was sold to Centaur Publications in 2006. 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