{"id":7752,"date":"2018-02-16T08:00:47","date_gmt":"2018-02-16T14:00:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\/knowledge\/?p=7752"},"modified":"2018-02-23T08:04:29","modified_gmt":"2018-02-23T14:04:29","slug":"pc-stabilizing-soft-matter-emulsions","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/7752\/pc-stabilizing-soft-matter-emulsions\/","title":{"rendered":"Stabilization of Soft Matter Emulsions: A Fuzzy Layer Model"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/media\/2018\/02\/pc-molecule-2082634_600x400.jpg\" alt=\"Molecule cross-section - learn about colliding molecules and their role in the stabilization of soft matter emulsions in the Prospector Knowledge Center.\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" \/>Whenever soft matter (Tg &lt; room temperature) like alkyds are emulsified, stable emulsions can be prepared most of the time, either via a low interfacial tension or a high-shear process.<\/p>\n<p>However, one can never avoid collisions between particles. In contrast to hard particles (Tg &gt; room temperature), collisions between soft particles will lead to coalescence, unless an excess of repulsive forces are provided. These repulsive forces can be either electrostatic (mostly anionic) or steric (mostly referred to as nonionic). A billiard table offers the best comparative example of hard particles colliding.<sup>1<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>This problem occurs when the boundary layer between two liquids is diffuse or badly defined, and the hydrophilic\/lipophilic behavior is undefined. Some emulsified materials like alkyd resins have a very shady definition. It comes as no surprise that the most hydrophobic molecules will prefer to reside in the core, whereas the less hydrophobic molecules prefer the shell.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/media\/2018\/02\/Screen-Shot-2018-02-09-at-11.43.25-AM.png\" alt=\"Alkyd molecule diagram - learn about stabilizations of soft matter emulsions in the Prospector Knowledge Center.\" width=\"853\" height=\"362\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Let\u2019s interpret the above figure from an alkyd perspective.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>In the core (red), there are molecules with a high molecular weight but low hydrophilicity: the ultimate performers.<\/li>\n<li>In the shell (purple to blue, let\u2019s call it a \u201cfuzzy\u201d layer for the time being), we find molecules with a lower molecular weight but higher hydrophilicity like OH- and COOH values: emulsification aids.<\/li>\n<li>Surrounding the shell, in the aqueous phase, are molecules with a very high hydrophilicity and a very low molecular weight, like Pentaerythritol with one or two fatty acids attached to it, or two di-acids with one Penta and one fatty acid attached to it. These oligomers are well-known in the polycondensate business and presumably after emulsification, they will assist in a Newtonic behavior of the alkyd emulsion.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Let\u2019s concentrate on this fuzzy layer.<\/p>\n<p>Stabilization mechanisms like the well-known DLVO theory<sup>2<\/sup> will not obey the rules that usually apply to well-defined and even soft interfaces like those obtained with emulsion polymerization. No simple Hamaker constant, no clear zeta potential, just because there is no well-defined interface. Just a fuzzy layer.<\/p>\n<p>This implies that the ideal surfactant will be one that fits this fuzzy behavior, i.e. there should be an amphiphilic block in-between the hydrophobic part and the hydrophilic moiety. Whatever this amphiphilic block is, its length will be determined by how well defined the alkyd is, and thus, among others, by its oil length. An educated guess would be something like 50 nm.<\/p>\n<p>This need for a fuzzy block probably also explains why Sodium Dodecyl Benzene Sulphonate (SDBS), Sodium Lauryl Sulphate and salts of Colophonium are bad surfactants for alkyds.<\/p>\n<h3>Coating additives at your fingertips<\/h3>\n<p>Don&#8217;t spend hours searching multiple websites &#8211; quickly find technical data on additives like surfactants in Prospector<sup>\u00ae<\/sup>. You can even order samples and contact global suppliers directly.<\/p>\n<p>\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\/en\/na\/Coatings\/Products\/1037\/Surfactants?st=31\" target=\"_blank\" role=\"button\" rel=\"noopener\" ><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSearch now<br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Named after scientists Boris Derjaguin,\u00a0Lev Landau,\u00a0Evert Verwey\u00a0and\u00a0Theodoor Overbeek, the DLVO theory describes interactive forces between two particles as a function of their distance.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_7772\" class=\"thumbnail wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"width: 700px\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/media\/2018\/02\/dlvo_chart1.jpg\" alt=\"DLVO theory chart - learn about the stabiliation of soft matter emulsions in coatings in the Prospector Knowledge Center.\" width=\"700\" height=\"644\" \/><figcaption class=\"caption wp-caption-text\">A graph representing the attractive (red) and repulsive (blue) forces between two particles with a mass and a charge, which results in the total force between the particles (green). Especially note the solid red line in the image: the boundary layers seem to be well-defined. Source: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.colloid.ch\/index.php?name=dlvo\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Laboratory of Colloid and Surface Chemistry<\/a> (LCSC), University of Geneva.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>However, with emulsions of soft and less well-defined materials, this is hardly ever the case. DLVO theory applies to some extent, but proper interpretation of the horizontal axis is questionable, in this case the interparticle distance in nm.<\/p>\n<p>Competing with the \u201cfuzzy surfactant,\u201d there is another possible solution.<\/p>\n<p>Rising in popularity is the phenomenon of Pickering stabilization<sup>3<\/sup>: make the alkyd particle behave like the aforementioned billiard ball. In this solution, the \u201cfuzzy layer\u201d is covered by, or even filled up by, very hard material. In spite of the same frequency of collisions as can be expected with traditional Brownian motion, there is no risk of coalescence and a stable alkyd emulsion can be obtained. Under the trade name of Secoia, the French binder producer Ecoat has developed an alkyd emulsion using this technology.<sup>4<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>With an increase in the demand for sustainable and preferably water-based coating systems, in a bio-based economy, emulsified alkyds will likely gain in popularity. Traditionally active in the field of water-based acrylics or solvent-based alkyds, large companies like DOW, Arkema, Reichhold and aforementioned Ecoat, have already shown their interest.<\/p>\n<h3>Further reading:<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/4524\/adhesion-promoters-101?st=31\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Adhesion Promoters 101<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/3944\/pc-basics-alkyd-resin-technology?st=31\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Basics of Alkyd Resin Technology<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>References:<\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li>YouTube: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=X5lQq2vpaR4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Billiards Demonstration<\/a><\/li>\n<li>University of Geneva: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.colloid.ch\/index.php?name=dlvo\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Overview of DLVO theory<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/pubs.rsc.org\/en\/content\/chapterhtml\/2014\/bk9781849738811-00001?isbn=978-1-84973-881-1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Phenomenon of Pickering Stabilization: A Basic Introduction<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ecoat.fr\/products\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ecoat Products<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Whenever soft matter (Tg &lt; room temperature) like alkyds are emulsified, stable emulsions can be prepared most of the time, either via a low interfacial tension or a high-shear process. However, one can never avoid collisions between particles. In contrast &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/7752\/pc-stabilizing-soft-matter-emulsions\/\">Continued<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":35,"featured_media":7773,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"episode_type":"","audio_file":"","podmotor_file_id":"","podmotor_episode_id":"","cover_image":"","cover_image_id":"","duration":"","filesize":"","filesize_raw":"","date_recorded":"","explicit":"","block":"","itunes_episode_number":"","itunes_title":"","itunes_season_number":"","itunes_episode_type":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[16],"tags":[237],"ppma_author":[1263],"class_list":{"0":"post-7752","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-paint-coatings","8":"tag-formulation-challenge","9":"entry"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Stabilizing soft matter emulsions: a coatings formulation challenge<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Collisions between soft particles can create a challenge for paint and coatings formulators. Learn how &quot;the fuzzy layer&quot; plays a role in alkyd emulsification.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/7752\/pc-stabilizing-soft-matter-emulsions\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Stabilizing soft matter emulsions: a coatings formulation challenge\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Collisions between soft particles can create a challenge for paint and coatings formulators. Learn how &quot;the fuzzy layer&quot; plays a role in alkyd emulsification.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/7752\/pc-stabilizing-soft-matter-emulsions\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Prospector Knowledge Center\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2018-02-16T14:00:47+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2018-02-23T14:04:29+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/pc-molecule-2082634_OG.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1200\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"628\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Ad Hofland\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:image\" content=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/media\/2018\/02\/pc-molecule-2082634_600x400-150x150.jpg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Ad Hofland\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"4 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ulprospector.ul.com\\\/7752\\\/pc-stabilizing-soft-matter-emulsions\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ulprospector.ul.com\\\/7752\\\/pc-stabilizing-soft-matter-emulsions\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Ad Hofland\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ulprospector.ul.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/863bd77c44334de069ea2d842a5b4d87\"},\"headline\":\"Stabilization of Soft Matter Emulsions: A Fuzzy Layer Model\",\"datePublished\":\"2018-02-16T14:00:47+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2018-02-23T14:04:29+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ulprospector.ul.com\\\/7752\\\/pc-stabilizing-soft-matter-emulsions\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":769,\"commentCount\":2,\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ulprospector.ul.com\\\/7752\\\/pc-stabilizing-soft-matter-emulsions\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ulprospector.ul.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2018\\\/02\\\/pc-molecule-2082634_600x400.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"formulation challenge\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Paint &amp; Coatings\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/ulprospector.ul.com\\\/7752\\\/pc-stabilizing-soft-matter-emulsions\\\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ulprospector.ul.com\\\/7752\\\/pc-stabilizing-soft-matter-emulsions\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ulprospector.ul.com\\\/7752\\\/pc-stabilizing-soft-matter-emulsions\\\/\",\"name\":\"Stabilizing soft matter emulsions: a coatings formulation challenge\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ulprospector.ul.com\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ulprospector.ul.com\\\/7752\\\/pc-stabilizing-soft-matter-emulsions\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ulprospector.ul.com\\\/7752\\\/pc-stabilizing-soft-matter-emulsions\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ulprospector.ul.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2018\\\/02\\\/pc-molecule-2082634_600x400.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2018-02-16T14:00:47+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2018-02-23T14:04:29+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ulprospector.ul.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/863bd77c44334de069ea2d842a5b4d87\"},\"description\":\"Collisions between soft particles can create a challenge for paint and coatings formulators. 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Of these 32 years he worked 27 years on alkyd emulsions and high solids alkyds. For 5 years he tried to differentiate and work for Powder Coatings, but he then realized that powder coatings are just alkyd emulsions lacking water and he returned to alkyds as Senior Research Scientist Sustainability. At the moment he is semi-retired but looking for opportunities and giving advice to parties that are working with alkyd resins. Also fatty acid modified polyurethane dispersions can be considered alkyd emulsions since these also dry by autoxidation and are also water based. The most recent paper giving an overview of the benefits of alkyds can be found in the journal Progress in Organic Coatings: Ad Hofland, Alkyd Resins, from down and out to alive and kicking, Progress in Organic Coatings, 2012, 73(4), pp. 235-240.\",\"sameAs\":[\"http:\\\/\\\/www.ulprospector.com\"],\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ulprospector.ul.com\\\/author\\\/ad-hofland\\\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Stabilizing soft matter emulsions: a coatings formulation challenge","description":"Collisions between soft particles can create a challenge for paint and coatings formulators. 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Learn how \"the fuzzy layer\" plays a role in alkyd emulsification.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/7752\/pc-stabilizing-soft-matter-emulsions\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/7752\/pc-stabilizing-soft-matter-emulsions\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/7752\/pc-stabilizing-soft-matter-emulsions\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/pc-molecule-2082634_600x400.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/pc-molecule-2082634_600x400.jpg","width":600,"height":400},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/7752\/pc-stabilizing-soft-matter-emulsions\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Stabilization of Soft Matter Emulsions: A Fuzzy Layer Model"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/#website","url":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/","name":"Prospector Knowledge Center","description":"Welcome to the blog for UL Prospector, the most comprehensive raw material search engine for product developers.","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/#\/schema\/person\/863bd77c44334de069ea2d842a5b4d87","name":"Ad Hofland","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/media\/2017\/10\/Ad-Hofland_avatar_1508792708-96x96.jpgefe24bb870a1432d607e34b4f56cd28f","url":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/media\/2017\/10\/Ad-Hofland_avatar_1508792708-96x96.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/media\/2017\/10\/Ad-Hofland_avatar_1508792708-96x96.jpg","caption":"Ad Hofland"},"description":"Ad Hofland (60) has been working for DSM Coating Resins for 32 years. Of these 32 years he worked 27 years on alkyd emulsions and high solids alkyds. For 5 years he tried to differentiate and work for Powder Coatings, but he then realized that powder coatings are just alkyd emulsions lacking water and he returned to alkyds as Senior Research Scientist Sustainability. At the moment he is semi-retired but looking for opportunities and giving advice to parties that are working with alkyd resins. Also fatty acid modified polyurethane dispersions can be considered alkyd emulsions since these also dry by autoxidation and are also water based. The most recent paper giving an overview of the benefits of alkyds can be found in the journal Progress in Organic Coatings: Ad Hofland, Alkyd Resins, from down and out to alive and kicking, Progress in Organic Coatings, 2012, 73(4), pp. 235-240.","sameAs":["http:\/\/www.ulprospector.com"],"url":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/author\/ad-hofland\/"}]}},"authors":[{"term_id":1263,"user_id":35,"is_guest":0,"slug":"ad-hofland","display_name":"Ad Hofland","avatar_url":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/media\/2017\/10\/Ad-Hofland_avatar_1508792708-96x96.jpg","0":null,"1":"","2":"","3":"","4":"","5":"","6":"","7":"","8":""}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7752","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/35"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7752"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7752\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/7773"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7752"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7752"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7752"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ppma_author?post=7752"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}