{"id":8217,"date":"2018-06-01T08:00:45","date_gmt":"2018-06-01T14:00:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\/knowledge\/?p=8217"},"modified":"2021-05-12T08:26:04","modified_gmt":"2021-05-12T14:26:04","slug":"lmf-fluid-dynamics-reynolds-theory","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/8217\/lmf-fluid-dynamics-reynolds-theory\/","title":{"rendered":"Fluid Dynamics and the Theory of Everything"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"AnDemystifying the mechanisms that take place as two moving surfaces devolve from hydrodynamic to boundary to extreme pressure to metal-on-metal contact is not a trivial mental exercise. It is critical to have an understanding of the role of fluid viscosity and its interrelationship with additives, both reactive and non-reactive.<\/p>\n

First to consider is the study of rheology and the concepts that make up elastohydrodynamic lubrication. This also is one aspect of the broader field of fluid dynamics, which deals with the motion of all liquids and gasses. How is it that tribologists were able to figure that stuff out? Many of the key answers began with a guy named Osborne Reynolds.<\/p>\n

\n

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\n

\"Osbourne
By John Collier [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons<\/figcaption><\/figure>Reynolds was sort of a deep thinker. A British scientist and engineer who primarily studied fluid dynamics, Reynolds developed a \u201cTheory of Everything\u201d that he published in a 1903 Cambridge paper titled, \u201cThe Sub-Mechanics of the Universe.\u201d A popularization of his theory appeared in another paper Cambridge published that year titled, \u201cAn Inversion of Ideas as to the Structure of the Universe.\u201d<\/p>\n

Reynolds’ theory explains many of the puzzles of modern physics and allows for antigravity, a space drive, faster-than-light speeds and an unlimited source of energy. Simple stuff, just to stave off attacks of ennui.<\/p>\n

In any event, in terms of fluid dynamics, Reynolds developed equations that showed the relationship between inertia and viscosity. In its classical form:<\/p>\n

\"Osbourne<\/p>\n

By just looking at the terms in the equation, you can make some pretty good guesses about its meaning without being an Einstein or, in this case, a Reynolds. The Reynolds Equation says that with density, we can have some fluid material (air, water, oil, etc.) that has mass (kilograms per cubic meter-density units) moving with a velocity (meters per second) over some distance (meters) divided by viscosity (kg\/m\/sec), which, remember, is the resistance to flow.<\/p>\n

Viscosity, then, is kind of like a force (F=MA or force = mass (kg) times acceleration (meters\/sec2<\/sup>))? So it works out that viscosity is like force per second. The point is that we can learn quite a lot about how fluids work from this equation.<\/p>\n

One of the things that Reynolds also learned is that for a given fluid system, when the Reynolds Number is large, it can mean that the fluid must be moving rapidly, and when that happens, turbulence can occur.<\/p>\n

This Reynolds Number indicates the ratio or relative importance of the flow\u2019s inertial forces to its viscous ones. (A flow\u2019s inertial force is calculated by multiplying together the fluid\u2019s density and the square of its velocity and dividing this product by a characteristic length of the flow, such as the width of an airfoil, if the flow is air over an airplane wing.)<\/p>\n

Large inertial forces, relative to the viscous ones, tend to favor turbulence, whereas high viscosity staves it off. Put another way, turbulence occurs when the Reynolds Number exceeds a certain value. The number is proportional to both the size of the object and the flow velocity.<\/p>\n

Tribologists perform similar kinds of calculations to characterize the flow of oil in bearings, hydraulic systems and related kinds of systems where proper flow is important. For example, in hydraulic systems we generally try to control turbulence because it can lead to poor flow of the hydraulic oil, stress on seals and valves, vibration, cavitation, and foaming.<\/p>\n

Additionally, similar calculations allow tribologists to predict film thickness in the contact area and thereby ensure that sufficient lubrication will take place for a given component design and lubricant.<\/p>\n

\n

Learn more about fluid dynamics<\/h3>\n

Excerpted and reprinted with permission from the October 2016 issue of Tribology and Lubrication Technology (TLT), the official monthly magazine of the Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers, an international not-for-profit technical society headquartered in Park Ridge, Illinois. Read the full article at stle.org<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\n

About STLE<\/h3>\n

\"SocietyThe Society of Tribologists & Lubrication Engineers (STLE) is the premier technical society serving the needs of over 12,000 individuals and 250 companies and organizations that comprise the tribology and lubrication engineering business sector. STLE members are employed by the world\u2019s leading corporations, academic institutions and by governmental agencies dealing with science and technology. STLE supports these distinguished technical experts with a variety of professional education and certification programs.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Demystifying the mechanisms that take place as two moving surfaces devolve from hydrodynamic to boundary to extreme pressure to metal-on-metal contact is not a trivial mental exercise. It is critical to have an understanding of the role of fluid viscosity … Continued<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":53,"featured_media":8218,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"episode_type":"","audio_file":"","podmotor_file_id":"","podmotor_episode_id":"","cover_image":"","cover_image_id":"","duration":"","filesize":"","filesize_raw":"","date_recorded":"","explicit":"","block":"","itunes_episode_number":"","itunes_title":"","itunes_season_number":"","itunes_episode_type":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[261],"tags":[],"ppma_author":[1275],"class_list":{"0":"post-8217","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-lubricants-metalworking-fluids","8":"entry"},"yoast_head":"\nFluid Dynamics: Reynolds' Theory of Everything | Prospector<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"What is fluid dynamics and what does it mean for lubricant formulation? 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