{"id":8630,"date":"2018-08-10T08:01:30","date_gmt":"2018-08-10T14:01:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\/knowledge\/?p=8630"},"modified":"2018-09-04T08:20:46","modified_gmt":"2018-09-04T14:20:46","slug":"pc-superior-coatings-performance-with-organosilane-components","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/8630\/pc-superior-coatings-performance-with-organosilane-components\/","title":{"rendered":"Superior Coatings Performance with Organosilane Components"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong><em><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-8634\" src=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/media\/2018\/08\/steel-bridge-1834754_600x400.jpg\" alt=\"Steel bridge in France - learn how organosilane compounds in coatings formulations can help prevent corrosion in the UL Prospector Knowledge Center.\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/steel-bridge-1834754_600x400.jpg 600w, https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/steel-bridge-1834754_600x400-300x200.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/>Silanes<\/em><\/strong> were first discovered and identified in 1857 by German chemists Heinrich Buff and Friedrich Woehler among the products formed by the action of hydrochloric acid on aluminum silicide.<sup>1<\/sup> Since that time silane chemistry has proven to be a versatile means to enhance performance of organic-based coatings, or to provide siloxane-modified coating systems with a variety of performance characteristics not readily achievable with other technologies.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>Interested in using an organosilane in your next formulation?<\/h3>\n<p>UL Prospector has listing for a variety of materials from global suppliers. Find technical data, request samples, and contact suppliers directly &#8211; all right within Prospector!<\/p>\n<h3><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\/en\/na\/Coatings\/search?k=organosilane&amp;st=31\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Search organosilane materials now<\/a><\/h3>\n<hr \/>\n<p>Depending on the proper selection of <strong><em>reactive silane<\/em><\/strong>, a variety of improved performance attributes can result, including:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Weathering<\/li>\n<li>Adhesion<\/li>\n<li>Hardness<\/li>\n<li>Flexibility<\/li>\n<li>Moisture resistance<\/li>\n<li>Lubricity<\/li>\n<li>Cross-link density<\/li>\n<li>Corrosion resistance<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><em>Silane and Siloxane Structures<\/em><\/strong>:<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-8631\" src=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/media\/2018\/08\/silane-siloxane-structures.jpg\" alt=\"Silane and siloxane structures - learn about organosilane components in coatings formulations in the UL Prospector Knowledge Center.\" width=\"695\" height=\"241\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/silane-siloxane-structures.jpg 695w, https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/silane-siloxane-structures-300x104.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 695px) 100vw, 695px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>In the presence of water, a trialkoxysilane can hydrolyze as a first step in the reaction to liberate methanol (for a trimethoxysilane) or ethanol (for a triethoxysilane) and self-condense to form a siloxane or react with available alcohol groups on a pigment, polymer or substrate to provide a siloxane linkage.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_8632\" class=\"thumbnail wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"width: 535px\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-8632\" src=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/media\/2018\/08\/silanol-group.jpg\" alt=\"Hydrolysis of a single alkoxy group to form a silanol group - learn about organosilane components in coatings formulations in the UL Prospector Knowledge Center.\" width=\"535\" height=\"202\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/silanol-group.jpg 535w, https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/silanol-group-300x113.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 535px) 100vw, 535px\" \/><figcaption class=\"caption wp-caption-text\">Hydrolysis of a single alkoxy group to form a silanol group<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><strong><em>Silanes<\/em><\/strong> are used in a number of applications to:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><em>Improve adhesion<\/em><\/strong> to inorganic or organic surfaces &#8211; Silanes, when added to paints, can enhance adhesion to inorganic surfaces including metals and glass<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>Coupling Agents<\/em><\/strong> &#8211; Silanes are used for coupling organic polymers to inorganic materials including pigments and fillers<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>Crosslinking Agent<\/em><\/strong> &#8211; Selective organofunctional alkoxysilanes can react with organic polymers to provide a trialkoxysilyl group into the polymer backbone. In turn, the silane can then react with moisture to crosslink and form a three-dimensional siloxane cross-linked structure.<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>Dispersing Agent<\/em><\/strong><strong><em> \u2013 <\/em><\/strong>Used to increase the hydrophobicity of inorganic pigments and improve flow characteristics and the ability to be dispersed in organic polymers and solvents.<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>Improved hydrophobicity<\/em><\/strong> \u2013 Selective reactive silanes can be modified to provide superb hydrophobicity (to be discussed more in the sequel to this article)<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>Moisture Scavenger<\/em><\/strong> \u2013 In moisture sensitive formulations, the three alkoxysilane groups can scavenge water by reacting with moisture to form alcohol molecules.<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>Pretreatment for metal surfaces<\/em><\/strong> \u2013 Specialized waterborne silanes for pretreatment of various metal surfaces (e.g. Evonik\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dynasylan.com\/product\/dynasylan\/en\/products\/product-groups\/dynasylan-sivo\/pages\/default.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dynasylan SIVO product group<\/a>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>A <strong><em>silane<\/em><\/strong> that contains at least one carbon silicon bond (CH<sub>3<\/sub> &#8211; Si -) is called an organosilane. <strong><em>Reactive<\/em><\/strong> <strong><em>silane<\/em><\/strong> is the term used to define compounds that have a\u00a0trialkoxysilyl group and an alkyl group (R) containing a reactive constituent.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-8633\" src=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/media\/2018\/08\/trimethoxy-functional-alkylsilane.png\" alt=\"Trimethoxy functional alkylsilane - learn about organosilanes in coatings formulations in the UL Prospector Knowledge Center.\" width=\"260\" height=\"71\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Trialkoxysilyl<\/em><\/strong> groups can react directly, or indirectly in the presence of water with hydroxyl groups. As illustrated in Table 1, the other organofunctional group (R) can participate via a crosslinking reaction with another reactive site in a coating.<\/p>\n<p>In regard to the reactions and interactions with a surface, there are many complexities and dependent variables. For example, the rate of hydrolysis of the trialkoxysilyl groups with moisture to form silanol groups (R \u2013 Si- OH), which in turn self-condense or crosslink compete with the reaction of the silanol groups with the substrate hydroxyl groups. These competing reactions can vary depending on moisture level, pH, and rates of reverse reactions. as hydrolysis is reversible. Hydrolysis of trialkoxysilyl groups to silanols and the subsequent <strong><em>self-condensation<\/em><\/strong> to form a siloxy crosslink (- Si \u2013 O \u2013 Si -) can be accelerated by the use of a suitable tin catalyst such as dibutyltin dilaurate.<\/p>\n<p>On the other hand, the best catalyst for promoting <strong><em>co-condensation<\/em><\/strong> between a resin and -the silicone intermediate are titanate-based catalysts such as tetraisopropyl titanate.<\/p>\n<p>Except for those applications requiring polymerization of a reactive silane into a resin backbone, most of the reactions illustrated in Table I can occur under ambient conditions.<\/p>\n<table border=\"1\" width=\"679\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"97\"><strong>R = Reactive Group on <\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>R-Si (-OCH<sub>3<\/sub>) or R-Si (-OCH<sub>2<\/sub>CH<sub>3<\/sub>)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"126\"><strong>R group Reacts with<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"144\"><strong>Reactive Silane <\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Example<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"126\"><strong>Trialkoxy Silane Reaction<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"186\"><strong>Application<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"97\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Amino<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"126\">Epoxy functionality<\/td>\n<td width=\"144\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>3-aminopropyl-triethoxysilane<\/td>\n<td width=\"126\">With \u2013OH on surface as well as self-crosslink to form<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; Si \u2013 O \u2013 Si &#8211;<\/td>\n<td width=\"186\">Coatings for <strong>glass as well as oxides of Al, Zr, Sn, Ti and Ni <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"97\"><strong>Epoxy<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"126\">Amino functionality<\/td>\n<td width=\"144\">3-glycidyloxypropyl trimethoxysilane<\/td>\n<td width=\"126\">With \u2013OH on surface as well as self-crosslink to form<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; Si \u2013 O \u2013 Si &#8211;<\/td>\n<td width=\"186\">Coatings <strong>for glass as well as oxides of Al, Zr, Sn, Ti and Ni<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"97\"><strong>Meth&#8211;acrylate<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"126\">Acrylic resin polymerization<\/td>\n<td width=\"144\">3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane<\/td>\n<td width=\"126\">Self-crosslink with another silane to form<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; Si- O \u2013 Si \u2013 and with \u2013OH on the surface<\/td>\n<td width=\"186\">Moisture cure resins with <strong>improved adhesion<\/strong>, physical and environmental performance<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"97\"><strong>N\/A<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"126\">N\/A<\/td>\n<td width=\"144\">N-octyltriethoxysilane<\/td>\n<td width=\"126\">Forms<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; Si \u2013 O \u2013 Si &#8211;<\/td>\n<td width=\"186\">Water repellency, <strong>improved hydrophobicity<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"97\"><strong>Vinyl<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"126\">Vinyl or acrylic resin polymerization<\/td>\n<td width=\"144\">Vinyl-trimethoxysilane<\/td>\n<td width=\"126\">Forms<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; Si \u2013 O \u2013 Si &#8211;<\/td>\n<td width=\"186\">Moisture cure resins with improved adhesion and film integrity. Also used as a <strong>moisture scavenger<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"97\"><strong>Isocyanate<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"126\">Hydroxyl, Amino or Mercapto<\/td>\n<td width=\"144\">3-isocyanatopropyl-triethoxysilane<\/td>\n<td width=\"126\">With \u2013OH on surface as well as self-crosslink to form &#8211; Si \u2013 O \u2013 Si<\/td>\n<td width=\"186\">Coatings for <strong>metallic and inorganic oxides<\/strong>, also moisture cures<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"97\"><strong>Silane<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>SIVO Sol-Gel<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"126\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"144\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"126\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"186\"><strong>VOC Free Waterborne Surface Treatment<\/strong> for various metals and surfaces<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><em>Table I: Reactions of Trialkyloxy Organofunctionalsilanes and Their Applications<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Reactive silanes provide utility to improve coating performance in a number of applications, including:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Pigment wetting<\/li>\n<li>Improving hydrophobicity and increasing contact angle<\/li>\n<li>Enhancing adhesion over a number of metallic and inorganic surfaces<\/li>\n<li>Coupling agent between differential materials<\/li>\n<li>Scavenging moisture to provide improved stability<\/li>\n<li>Crosslinking to improve physical and environmental properties<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>A variety of siloxane-based reactive trimethoxy <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\/en\/na\/Coatings\/search?k=silane+prepolymers&amp;st=31\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong><em>silane prepolymers<\/em><\/strong><\/a> are also available with <strong><em>functional groups<\/em><\/strong> including acylate, isocyanate, amino, hydroxyl, epoxy and vinyl. These enable a variety of opportunities to improve cross-link density, adhesion, weather resistance, moisture resistance, hydrophobicity and chemical resistance.<\/p>\n<h3>Resources<\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Silane\">Silane<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\/?st=31\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">UL Prospector<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Evonik, ACS Product presentation<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wiley.com\/en-us\/Organic+Coatings%3A+Science+and+Technology%2C+3rd+Edition-p-9780471698067\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Organic Coatings, Science and Technology, 3<sup>rd<\/sup> Edition<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Silanes were first discovered and identified in 1857 by German chemists Heinrich Buff and Friedrich Woehler among the products formed by the action of hydrochloric acid on aluminum silicide.1 Since that time silane chemistry has proven to be a versatile &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/8630\/pc-superior-coatings-performance-with-organosilane-components\/\">Continued<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":8634,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"episode_type":"","audio_file":"","podmotor_file_id":"","podmotor_episode_id":"","cover_image":"","cover_image_id":"","duration":"","filesize":"","filesize_raw":"","date_recorded":"","explicit":"","block":"","itunes_episode_number":"","itunes_title":"","itunes_season_number":"","itunes_episode_type":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[16],"tags":[219,275],"ppma_author":[1249],"class_list":{"0":"post-8630","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-paint-coatings","8":"tag-category-overview","9":"tag-materials","10":"entry"},"yoast_head":"<!-- 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developers.\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ulprospector.ul.com\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ulprospector.ul.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/21b1c19e5a3e88e83d018aeeeb06d5c1\",\"name\":\"Ron Lewarchik\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ulprospector.ul.com\\\/media\\\/2014\\\/05\\\/Ron-Lewarchik_avatar_1399393591-96x96.png60d40a18dc5ac3c647e96e3753e86ac0\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ulprospector.ul.com\\\/media\\\/2014\\\/05\\\/Ron-Lewarchik_avatar_1399393591-96x96.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ulprospector.ul.com\\\/media\\\/2014\\\/05\\\/Ron-Lewarchik_avatar_1399393591-96x96.png\",\"caption\":\"Ron Lewarchik\"},\"description\":\"Ronald J. Lewarchik, President and CEO of Chemical Dynamics, LLC, brings 40 years of paint and coatings industry expertise to his role as a contributing author with the Prospector Knowledge Center. As a contributing writer, Ron pens articles on topics relevant to formulators in the coatings industry. He also serves as a consultant for the Prospector materials search engine, advising on issues related to optimization and organization materials within the database. Ron's company, Chemical Dynamics, LLC (www.chemicaldynamics.net), is a full-service paint and coatings firm specializing in consulting and product development based in Plymouth, Michigan. Since 2004, he has provided consulting, product development, contract research, feasibility studies, failure mode analysis and more for a wide range of clients, as well as their suppliers, customers and coaters. He has also served as an Adjunct Research Professor at the Coatings Research Institute of Eastern Michigan University. As such, Ron was awarded a sub-grant from the Department of Energy to develop energy-saving coating technology for architectural applications, as well as grants from private industry to develop low energy cure, low VOC compliant coatings. He taught courses on color and application of automotive top coats, cathodic electro-coat and surface treatment. His experience includes coatings for automotive, coil, architectural, industrial and product finishing. Previously, Ron was the Vice President of Industrial Research and Technology, as well as the Global Director of Coil Coating Technology for BASF (Morton International). During his fourteen-year tenure with the company, he developed innovative coil coating commercial products primarily for roofing, residential, commercial and industrial building, as well as industrial and automotive applications. He was awarded fifteen patents for new resin and coating formulas. From 1974 to 1990, Ron held positions with Desoto, Inc. and PPG Industries. He was the winner of two R&amp;D awards for coatings utilizing PVDF resins, developed the first commercial high solids automotive topcoat and was awarded 39 U.S. patents for a variety of novel technologies he developed. He holds a Masters in Physical Organic Chemistry from the University of Pittsburgh and subsequently studied Polymer Science at Carnegie Mellon University. Ron lives in Brighton, Michigan with his family. 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Lewarchik, President and CEO of Chemical Dynamics, LLC, brings 40 years of paint and coatings industry expertise to his role as a contributing author with the Prospector Knowledge Center. As a contributing writer, Ron pens articles on topics relevant to formulators in the coatings industry. He also serves as a consultant for the Prospector materials search engine, advising on issues related to optimization and organization materials within the database. Ron's company, Chemical Dynamics, LLC (www.chemicaldynamics.net), is a full-service paint and coatings firm specializing in consulting and product development based in Plymouth, Michigan. Since 2004, he has provided consulting, product development, contract research, feasibility studies, failure mode analysis and more for a wide range of clients, as well as their suppliers, customers and coaters. He has also served as an Adjunct Research Professor at the Coatings Research Institute of Eastern Michigan University. As such, Ron was awarded a sub-grant from the Department of Energy to develop energy-saving coating technology for architectural applications, as well as grants from private industry to develop low energy cure, low VOC compliant coatings. He taught courses on color and application of automotive top coats, cathodic electro-coat and surface treatment. His experience includes coatings for automotive, coil, architectural, industrial and product finishing. Previously, Ron was the Vice President of Industrial Research and Technology, as well as the Global Director of Coil Coating Technology for BASF (Morton International). During his fourteen-year tenure with the company, he developed innovative coil coating commercial products primarily for roofing, residential, commercial and industrial building, as well as industrial and automotive applications. He was awarded fifteen patents for new resin and coating formulas. From 1974 to 1990, Ron held positions with Desoto, Inc. and PPG Industries. He was the winner of two R&amp;D awards for coatings utilizing PVDF resins, developed the first commercial high solids automotive topcoat and was awarded 39 U.S. patents for a variety of novel technologies he developed. He holds a Masters in Physical Organic Chemistry from the University of Pittsburgh and subsequently studied Polymer Science at Carnegie Mellon University. Ron lives in Brighton, Michigan with his family. 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