{"id":8723,"date":"2018-08-31T08:00:01","date_gmt":"2018-08-31T14:00:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\/knowledge\/?p=8723"},"modified":"2018-09-07T10:01:56","modified_gmt":"2018-09-07T16:01:56","slug":"pc-formulating-hydrophobic-coatings-for-breakthrough-performance","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/8723\/pc-formulating-hydrophobic-coatings-for-breakthrough-performance\/","title":{"rendered":"On the Surface: Formulating Hydrophobic Coatings for Breakthrough Performance"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Coated surfaces can impart \u00a0a wide range of affinity related to water, from <strong><em>hydrophilic<\/em><\/strong> (water loving), to <strong><em>hydrophobic<\/em><\/strong> (water repelling) to <strong><em>superhydrophobic<\/em><\/strong> (super water repellency). These surface characteristics are obtained by the proper combination of <strong><em>surface morphology<\/em><\/strong> at the micro and\/or the nanoscale level, combined with a low <strong><em>surface energy material<\/em><\/strong>.<\/p>\n<h3>Superhydrophobicity and the lotus leaf<\/h3>\n<p>A prime example of superhydrophobicity in nature is the lotus leaf. The lotus leaf has a microstructure \u00a0comprising small protuberances or spiked papillae 10 \u2013 20 microns in height and 10 \u2013 15 microns in width which have a second hydrophobic wax layer. The combination of a structured surface combined with a low energy wax provides superhydrophobicity to the surface. To fully explain and quantify hydrophobicity, it is necessary to define the relationship between <strong><em>contact angle<\/em><\/strong> and the <strong><em>hydrophobic\/hydrophilic<\/em><\/strong> character of a surface.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-8717\" src=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/media\/2018\/08\/lotus-leaf-hydrophobicity.jpg\" alt=\"Image of water droplet on lotus leaf, and hydrophobicity of a spiky surface - learn about formulating hydrophobic coatings in the Prospector Knowledge Center.\" width=\"1004\" height=\"446\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/lotus-leaf-hydrophobicity.jpg 1004w, https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/lotus-leaf-hydrophobicity-300x133.jpg 300w, https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/lotus-leaf-hydrophobicity-768x341.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1004px) 100vw, 1004px\" \/><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_8718\" class=\"thumbnail wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"width: 910px\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-8718\" src=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/media\/2018\/08\/contact-angles-coating-surfaces.jpg\" alt=\"Contact Angle for Hydrophilic, Hydrophobic and Superhydrophobic Coating Surface - learn about formulating hydrophobic coatings in the Prospector Knowledge Center.\" width=\"910\" height=\"277\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/contact-angles-coating-surfaces.jpg 910w, https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/contact-angles-coating-surfaces-300x91.jpg 300w, https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/contact-angles-coating-surfaces-768x234.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 910px) 100vw, 910px\" \/><figcaption class=\"caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 3 \u2013 Contact Angle for Hydrophilic, Hydrophobic and Superhydrophobic Coating Surface<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Contact angles of 150\u00b0 or more and are called superhydrophobic &#8211; meaning that only two to three perfect of the surface of a water droplet is in contact with the surface. Since the surface contact area is less than 0.6 percent, this provides a self-cleaning effect. The ramifications of imparting lotus leaf water repellency characteristics to a coating surface has profound performance implications which can include the following:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><em>Self-Cleaning<\/em><\/strong> \u2013 Contaminants that fall on a superhydrophobic\/hydrophobic surface are removed as water droplets will roll off.<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>Improved moisture resistance \u2013 <\/em><\/strong>Improved blister resistance and gloss retention<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>Improved corrosion resistance \u2013 <\/em><\/strong>Lowering moisture penetration reduces or even eliminates water and soluble salt penetration to the metal substrate which greatly slows the onset of corrosion.<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>Extended life cycle for coating and substrate \u2013 <\/em><\/strong>Increased coating weatherability and resistance to the penetration of soluble salts and moisture positively impacts the longevity of the coated article.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure id=\"attachment_8719\" class=\"thumbnail wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"width: 692px\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-8719\" src=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/media\/2018\/08\/Superhydrophobic-coating-System-692x1024.png\" alt=\"Superhydrophobic coating System developed by Chemical Dynamics - learn about formulating hydrophobic coatings in the Prospector Knowledge Center.\" width=\"692\" height=\"1024\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/Superhydrophobic-coating-System-692x1024.png 692w, https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/Superhydrophobic-coating-System-203x300.png 203w, https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/Superhydrophobic-coating-System-768x1136.png 768w, https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/Superhydrophobic-coating-System.png 938w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 692px) 100vw, 692px\" \/><figcaption class=\"caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 4 \u2013 5,000 Hour ASTM B117 Salt Spray of Superhydrophobic coating System developed by Chemical Dynamics applied over Cold Rolled Steel with no scribe creep or face blisters<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3>The role of surface tension<\/h3>\n<p>We have discussed the role that surface morphology plays in imparting hydrophobicity; the other\u00a0 critical component for hydrophobicity is <strong>s<\/strong><strong><em>urface energy<\/em><\/strong>.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><em>Surface tension<\/em><\/strong> is the elastic tendency of liquids that make them acquire the least surface area possible.<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>Surface tension<\/em><\/strong> is measured along a line, whereas <strong><em>surface energy<\/em><\/strong> is measured along an area.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Components of surface tension mainly include dispersive and polar, hydrogen bonding and acid-base contributions. In general lower surface energy materials provide higher hydrophobicity. Table 1 and 3 lists the Surface Free Energy of several polymer types and modifiers, respectively, used in coatings, whereas Table 2 provides surface tensions of commonly used solvents in coatings.<\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 485.333px;\" border=\"1\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 257px;\"><strong>Polymer<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 227.333px;\"><strong>Surface Free Energy mN\/m<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 257px;\"><strong>Polyhexafluoropropylene<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 227.333px;\">12.4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 257px;\"><strong>PTFE<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 227.333px;\">19.1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 257px;\"><strong>PDMS<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 227.333px;\">19.8<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 257px;\"><strong>Parafin Wax<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 227.333px;\">26.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 257px;\"><strong>Polychlorotrifluoroethylene<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 227.333px;\">30.9<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 257px;\"><strong>Polyethylene<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 227.333px;\">32.4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 257px;\"><strong>Polyvinyl Acetate<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 227.333px;\">36.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 257px;\"><strong>Polymethylmethacrylate<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 227.333px;\">40.2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 257px;\"><strong>Polystyrene<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 227.333px;\">40.6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 257px;\"><strong>Polyvinyldene Chloride<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 227.333px;\">41.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 257px;\"><strong>Polyester <\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 227.333px;\">43 &#8211; 45<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 257px;\"><strong>Polyethyleneterephthalate<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 227.333px;\">45.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 257px;\"><strong>Epoxypolyamide<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 227.333px;\">46.2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong><em>Table 1 \u2013 Surface Free Energy of Polymers<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 375.667px;\" border=\"1\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 195px;\"><strong>Solvent<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 179.667px;\"><strong>Surface Tension<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Dynes\/cm<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 195px;\"><strong>Water<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 179.667px;\">72.8<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 195px;\"><strong>Toluene <\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 179.667px;\">28.4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 195px;\"><strong>Isopropanol<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 179.667px;\">23.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 195px;\"><strong>n-Butanol<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 179.667px;\">24.8<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 195px;\"><strong>Acetone<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 179.667px;\">25.2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 195px;\"><strong>Methyl propyl ketone<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 179.667px;\">26.6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 195px;\"><strong>Methyl amyl ketone<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 179.667px;\">26.1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 195px;\"><strong>PM acetate<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 179.667px;\">28.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong><em>Table 2 \u2013 Surface Tension of Solvents<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 486px;\" border=\"1\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 177px;\"><strong>Material Identity<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 126px;\"><strong>Critical Surface Tension<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>mN\/m<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 177px;\"><strong>Heneicosafluoro-dodecyltrichlorosilane <\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 126px;\">6-7<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 177px;\"><strong>Heptadecafluorohexyl-<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>-trimethoxy Silane<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 126px;\">12.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 177px;\"><strong>PDMS <\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 126px;\">19.8<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 177px;\"><strong>Octadecyltrichlorosilane<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 126px;\">20-24<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 177px;\"><strong>Nonafluorohexyl-trimethoxysilane<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 126px;\">23<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong><em>Table 3 \u2013 Surface Free Energy of Potential Surface Modifying Agents<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>When two different liquid materials are applied to a solid surface, the liquid with the lower surface tension will flow or wet out on the solid surface, for example polyethylene, more so than the liquid with the higher surface tension. For example, water (surface tension 72.8 Dynes\/cm) will form a higher contact angle than will Toluene (surface tension 28.4 Dynes\/cm).<\/p>\n<p>Thus far, we\u2019ve defined the factors that contribute to the hydrophobicity, or the lack thereof, including contact angle, surface structure, and why most organic solvents tend to wet a surface better than water as a consequence of their lower surface tension. The next segment will concentrate on how to impart greater hydrophobicity to a coating system, especially from a surface perspective.<\/p>\n<h3>Maximizing surface hydrophobicity<\/h3>\n<p>To maximize the surface hydrophobicity of a coating, the <strong><em>surface energy<\/em><\/strong> should be as low as possible. A low surface energy, coupled with an appropriately structured surface, maximizes hydrophobicity.<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Surface energy<\/em><\/strong> has the same units as surface tension (force per unit length or dynes\/cm). A high surface tension liquid such as water will have maximum hydrophobicity and thus have poor wetting (high contact angle) over a coating surface that has a low<strong><em> surface energy. <\/em><\/strong>\u00a0As Table II illustrates, <strong><em>surface energy <\/em><\/strong>can vary greatly depending on the nature of the surface that comes in contact with water.<\/p>\n<p>For instance, a coating surface that is rich in polydimethylsiloxane (Surface Energy 19.8 mN\/m) at the surface will provide a more hydrophobic surface than that of polystyrene (40.6 mN\/m). In general terms, to provide the greatest hydrophobicity, the material\u2019s most hydrophobic moiety should be positioned on the surface.<\/p>\n<p>As another example, if an organofunctional trimethoxysilane is used for surface modification, the methoxysilane groups should be engineered to be positioned at the surface. Perfluoro and aliphatic groups at the coating surface offer greater hydrophobicity than that of ester or alcohol groups. Ester and alcohol groups are more polar in nature and thus more receptive to water deposited on the surface. For example, from lowest to highest surface tension:<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-8720\" src=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/media\/2018\/08\/surface-tension-scale.jpg\" alt=\"Surface tension scale - learn about formulations hydrophobic coatings in the Prospector Knowledge Center.\" width=\"998\" height=\"362\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/surface-tension-scale.jpg 998w, https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/surface-tension-scale-300x109.jpg 300w, https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/surface-tension-scale-768x279.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 998px) 100vw, 998px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Providing increased hydrophobicity throughout a properly engineered coating can provide additional attributes such as self-cleaning, improved corrosion and moisture resistance and an extended life cycle for the coating and substrate.<\/p>\n<p>Recent advances in silane technology have enabled the availability of silanes for use in waterborne systems for improved hydrophobicity. Accordingly, resin selection, flattener, extender pigments and opacifier pigments can also be selected to maximize hydrophobicity.<\/p>\n<p>Secondly, formulations utilizing nanoparticles must be tailored to provide proper acceptance rather than as a drop-in to achieve a desired property.<\/p>\n<h3><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\/en\/na\/Coatings\/Product\/search?k=Hydrophobics&amp;sug=1&amp;st=31\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Search UL Prospector<sup>\u00ae<\/sup> for hydrophobic raw materials.<\/a><\/h3>\n<h3>You might also be interested in&#8230;<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/3354\/pc-surface-tension-surface-energy\/?st=31\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Surface Tension &amp; Surface Energy<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/8516\/pc-surfactant-infographic\/?st=31\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Breaking the tension with surfactants<\/a> [INFOGRAPHIC]<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/2530\/pc-hydrophobic-coatings\/?st=31\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Hydrophobic Coatings Explained<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/1579\/pc-hydrophobic-pigments-flooding-and-floating\/?st=31\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dispersing &amp; Wetting Hydrophobic Pigments &amp; Fillers in Water-Based Paints to Avoid Pigment Flooding &amp; Floating<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Sources<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Prospector Knowledge Center: <a href=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/2530\/pc-hydrophobic-coatings\/?st=31\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Hydrophobic Coatings Explained<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Gelest 2016 product literature<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Coated surfaces can impart \u00a0a wide range of affinity related to water, from hydrophilic (water loving), to hydrophobic (water repelling) to superhydrophobic (super water repellency). These surface characteristics are obtained by the proper combination of surface morphology at the micro &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/8723\/pc-formulating-hydrophobic-coatings-for-breakthrough-performance\/\">Continued<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":8725,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"episode_type":"","audio_file":"","podmotor_file_id":"","podmotor_episode_id":"","cover_image":"","cover_image_id":"","duration":"","filesize":"","filesize_raw":"","date_recorded":"","explicit":"","block":"","itunes_episode_number":"","itunes_title":"","itunes_season_number":"","itunes_episode_type":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[16],"tags":[275,282],"ppma_author":[1249],"class_list":{"0":"post-8723","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-paint-coatings","8":"tag-materials","9":"tag-category-deep-dive","10":"entry"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Discover the keys to formulating hydrophobic coatings<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"How can water repellency properties help improve paint performance? 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Lewarchik, President and CEO of Chemical Dynamics, LLC, brings 40 years of paint and coatings industry expertise to his role as a contributing author with the Prospector Knowledge Center. As a contributing writer, Ron pens articles on topics relevant to formulators in the coatings industry. He also serves as a consultant for the Prospector materials search engine, advising on issues related to optimization and organization materials within the database. Ron's company, Chemical Dynamics, LLC (www.chemicaldynamics.net), is a full-service paint and coatings firm specializing in consulting and product development based in Plymouth, Michigan. Since 2004, he has provided consulting, product development, contract research, feasibility studies, failure mode analysis and more for a wide range of clients, as well as their suppliers, customers and coaters. He has also served as an Adjunct Research Professor at the Coatings Research Institute of Eastern Michigan University. 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Lewarchik, President and CEO of Chemical Dynamics, LLC, brings 40 years of paint and coatings industry expertise to his role as a contributing author with the Prospector Knowledge Center. As a contributing writer, Ron pens articles on topics relevant to formulators in the coatings industry. He also serves as a consultant for the Prospector materials search engine, advising on issues related to optimization and organization materials within the database. Ron's company, Chemical Dynamics, LLC (www.chemicaldynamics.net), is a full-service paint and coatings firm specializing in consulting and product development based in Plymouth, Michigan. Since 2004, he has provided consulting, product development, contract research, feasibility studies, failure mode analysis and more for a wide range of clients, as well as their suppliers, customers and coaters. He has also served as an Adjunct Research Professor at the Coatings Research Institute of Eastern Michigan University. 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