{"id":9004,"date":"2018-11-02T08:00:34","date_gmt":"2018-11-02T14:00:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\/knowledge\/?p=9004"},"modified":"2018-11-20T10:48:36","modified_gmt":"2018-11-20T16:48:36","slug":"pc-ambient-cure-coatings-curing-agents","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/9004\/pc-ambient-cure-coatings-curing-agents\/","title":{"rendered":"No Heat or Light? No Problem &#8211; with Curing Agents for Ambient Cure Coatings"},"content":{"rendered":"<figure id=\"attachment_9012\" class=\"thumbnail wp-caption alignright\" style=\"width: 600px\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-9012\" src=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/media\/2018\/11\/paint-swatches-13424708_600x400.jpg\" alt=\"Paint swatches on wall - learn how curing agents can improve performance in ambient cure coatings in the Prospector Knowledge Center.\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/paint-swatches-13424708_600x400.jpg 600w, https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/paint-swatches-13424708_600x400-300x200.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><figcaption class=\"caption wp-caption-text\">Copyright: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.123rf.com\/profile_archidea\">archidea \/ 123RF Stock Photo<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><strong><em>Ambient curing<\/em><\/strong> by definition relies on conditions that are available in an ambient environment such as moderate temperature, natural light, moisture and air. From the use of ochre based cave paints 40,000 years ago to that used by the early Egyptians about 4,000 years ago that comprised pigment, wax and eggs; humans have been searching for and developing new chemistries and ingredients to provide improved performance of coatings applied at ambient conditions.<\/p>\n<p>Comprised of natural occurring pigments and <strong><em>drying oils<\/em><\/strong> from linseed, poppy seed, walnuts and safflowers, the first ambient cure crosslinked paints were first used by Indian and Chinese painters between the fifth and 10th centuries.<\/p>\n<p>The proper use of curing agents (either or both single or two component types) can provide improved:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Chemical resistance<\/li>\n<li>Moisture resistance<\/li>\n<li>Adhesion<\/li>\n<li>Hardness<\/li>\n<li>Corrosion resistance<\/li>\n<li>Weather resistance<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>This article will cover only the general considerations of ambient curing agents with emphasis on newer chemistries or chemistries less often utilized. As there are previous Prospector articles concerning <strong><em>conventional epoxy two component (2K) coatings<\/em><\/strong>, two component coatings <strong><em>polyol-isocyanate technology<\/em><\/strong> and finally <strong><em>moisture cure silane functional crosslinkers and coupling agents, <\/em><\/strong>these technologies will not be discussed herein.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>Looking for crosslinkers?<\/h3>\n<p>Prospector<sup>\u00ae<\/sup> allows you to search technical data on hundreds of materials. Find just what you need quickly and easily.<\/p>\n<h3><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\/?st=31\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Create your free account now!<\/a><\/h3>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>Isocyanate-free polyurethane chemistry<\/h3>\n<p>According to the California Department of Public Health, exposure to isocyanates can cause asthma. Occupational asthma has overtaken asbestosis as the leading cause of new work-related lung disease. In the last few years isofree technologies have emerged that do not utilize isocyanate crosslinkers to form\u00a0 a polyurethane and thus eliminate isocyanate exposure. Isofree 2K technology utilizing <strong><em>polycarbonate and polyaldehyde<\/em><\/strong> for example includes improved sprayable pot life, rapid cure and early hardness. Technologies that form polyurethanes without the use of an isocyanate crosslinker follow:<\/p>\n<p><strong>1. Hexamethoxy methyl melamine + Polycarbonate\u00a0\u21d2 Polyurethane<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-9005 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/media\/2018\/10\/ambientcure1-1024x210.png\" alt=\"Chemical reaction: Hexamethoxy methyl melamine + Polycarbonate -&gt; Polyurethane \" width=\"1024\" height=\"210\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/ambientcure1-1024x210.png 1024w, https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/ambientcure1-300x61.png 300w, https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/ambientcure1-768x157.png 768w, https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/ambientcure1.png 1954w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>2. Polycarbonate + Polyamine\u00a0\u21d2 Polyurethane<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-9006\" src=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/media\/2018\/10\/ambientcure2-1024x218.png\" alt=\"Chemical reaction: polycarbonate + Polyamine -&gt; Polyurethane\" width=\"1024\" height=\"218\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/ambientcure2-1024x218.png 1024w, https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/ambientcure2-300x64.png 300w, https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/ambientcure2-768x163.png 768w, https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/ambientcure2.png 1872w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>3. Polycarbamate + Polyaldehyde\u00a0\u21d2 Polyurethane<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-9007 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/media\/2018\/10\/ambientcure3-1024x511.png\" alt=\"Chemical reaction: Polycarbamate + Polyaldehyde -&gt; Polyurethane\" width=\"1024\" height=\"511\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/ambientcure3-1024x511.png 1024w, https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/ambientcure3-300x150.png 300w, https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/ambientcure3-768x383.png 768w, https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/ambientcure3.png 1174w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>The formation of polyurethanes in reactions 1 and 2 are sluggish at room temperature, whereas the reaction rate of #3 that utilizes the <strong><em>crosslinking reaction of a polycarbonate and a polyaldehyde <\/em><\/strong>is more facile. Polyurethane formation by this reaction route provides a longer sprayable pot life and at the same time a faster reaction rate after application than that provided by the use of an isocyanate crosslinker.<\/p>\n<h3>Ketimine-Epoxy<\/h3>\n<p>One approach to provide stable epoxy-amine single component coatings is to utilize a <strong><em>blocked amine crosslinker<\/em><\/strong>. Primary amines react with ketones to form ketimines. Ketimines do not readily react with epoxy groups. In the presence of water, ketimines release the free amine plus ketone which is the reverse reaction of ketimine formation. Normally methyl ethyl ketone is used which upon application volatilizes quickly under ambient conditions, the amine then reacts with the epoxy to form a cured film. A <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\/en\/na\/Coatings\/Product\/search?k=Moisture+Scavengers&amp;sug=1&amp;st=31\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">moisture scavenger<\/a> additive can eliminate the reaction with water prior to application.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-9008\" src=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/media\/2018\/10\/ambientcure-moisture-scavenger.jpg\" alt=\"Chemical reaction: ambient cure moisture scavenger\" width=\"935\" height=\"143\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/ambientcure-moisture-scavenger.jpg 935w, https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/ambientcure-moisture-scavenger-300x46.jpg 300w, https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/ambientcure-moisture-scavenger-768x117.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 935px) 100vw, 935px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Ketimine-epoxy systems<\/em><\/strong> are indefinitely stable in the absence of water and can thus permit one component systems.<\/p>\n<h3>Crosslinking with unsaturated groups<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Acrylated oligomers can be used as a crosslinker to crosslink polyfunctional amines through a <strong><em>Michael Addition Reaction<\/em><\/strong>. As this reaction is fast, blocked amines can be used (ketimines). Once the ketimine is unblocked in the presence of moisture, it forms a primary amine that adds to the acrylate for the reaction of a primary amine and an acrylate. See illustration below.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-9009\" src=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/media\/2018\/10\/ambientcure4.jpg\" alt=\"chemical reaction in ambient cure coatings - learn more in the Prospector Knowledge Center\" width=\"856\" height=\"157\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/ambientcure4.jpg 856w, https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/ambientcure4-300x55.jpg 300w, https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/ambientcure4-768x141.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 856px) 100vw, 856px\" \/><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Acrylated oligomers can also be crosslinked using the <strong><em>Michael Addition Reaction<\/em><\/strong> with acetoacetoacetylated resins and their enamine analogues.<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>Vinyl polymerization<\/em><\/strong> &#8211; Coatings utilizing acrylated and\/or methacrylate oligomers and suitable unsaturated polyesters (using fumerate and\/or maleate groups) can be utilized in two component systems with the addition of a suitable free radical initiator such as methyl ethyl ketone peroxide and accelerators such as cobalt napthenate and dimethylaniline.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Other common crosslinking reactions utilized in ambient cure coatings<\/h3>\n<table border=\"1\" width=\"629\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"203\">Hardener<\/p>\n<p><strong>Cross-linker Functional Group<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"222\">Resin<\/p>\n<p><strong>Cross-linkable <\/strong>Group<\/td>\n<td width=\"204\"><strong>Cross-linked group<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"203\"><strong>Polyaziridine<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-9010 alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/media\/2018\/10\/polyaziradine.png\" alt=\"Chemical formula for polyaziridine\" width=\"47\" height=\"22\" \/><\/td>\n<td width=\"222\">R-COOH<\/p>\n<p>(carboxyl)<\/td>\n<td width=\"204\">Acetyl urea<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"203\"><strong>Silane<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Triethoxy silane and aliphatic epoxy <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td width=\"222\">Dual self-cure mechanism<\/td>\n<td width=\"204\">Siloxane &amp; epoxy ester<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"203\"><strong>Carbodiimide<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>R-N=C=N-R<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"222\">R-COOH<\/td>\n<td width=\"204\">N-Acyl Urea<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"203\"><strong>Isocyanate prepolymer <\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>R-NCO<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"222\">R-OH<\/p>\n<p>(hydroxyl)<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>R-NH2<\/p>\n<p>(amino generated from reaction of water with isocyanate)<\/td>\n<td width=\"204\">Urethane<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Urea<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"203\"><strong>Hydrazide <\/strong><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-9011 alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/media\/2018\/10\/hydrazide.png\" alt=\"Chemical formula for hydrazide\" width=\"92\" height=\"59\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/hydrazide.png 92w, https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/hydrazide-90x59.png 90w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 92px) 100vw, 92px\" \/><\/td>\n<td width=\"222\">R-C=O<\/p>\n<p>Ketone<\/td>\n<td width=\"204\">Hydrazone<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Sources:<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Prospector Knowledge Center: <a href=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/7354\/pc-chemistry-of-resins-and-hardeners\/?st=31\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Chemistry of resins and hardeners<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Prospector Knowledge Center: <a href=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/8630\/pc-superior-coatings-performance-with-organosilane-components\/?st=31\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Superior performance with organosilane chemistry<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Prospector Knowledge Center: <a href=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/6451\/pc-patently-innovative-latest-polyurethane-technologies\/?st=31\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Patently innovative latest polyurethane technologies<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Prospector Knowledge Center: <a href=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/5144\/pc-polyisocyanates-deep-dive\/?st=31\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Polyisocyanates deep dive<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Prospector Knowledge Center: <a href=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/2140\/pc-reactive-silanes-enhancement-coating-performance\/?st=31\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Reactive silanes for enhancement of coating performance<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Prospector Knowledge Center: <a href=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/7589\/pc-ambient-cured-latex-paints-improve-performance\/?st=31\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ambient cured latex paints and how to improve performance<\/a><\/li>\n<li>California Department of Public Health: Isocyanates: Working Safely [<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdph.ca.gov\/Programs\/CCDPHP\/DEODC\/OHB\/HESIS\/CDPH%20Document%20Library\/Iso.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">PDF<\/a>]<\/li>\n<li>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Michael_reaction\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Michael reaction<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Web exhibits.org<\/li>\n<li>Dow Isocyanate Free Polyurethane Coatings, European Coatings Conference, April 21, 2015<\/li>\n<li>Organic Coatings, Science and Technology, Third Edition, Wiley, Wicks e.al. 2007<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Ambient curing by definition relies on conditions that are available in an ambient environment such as moderate temperature, natural light, moisture and air. From the use of ochre based cave paints 40,000 years ago to that used by the early &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/9004\/pc-ambient-cure-coatings-curing-agents\/\">Continued<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":9012,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"episode_type":"","audio_file":"","podmotor_file_id":"","podmotor_episode_id":"","cover_image":"","cover_image_id":"","duration":"","filesize":"","filesize_raw":"","date_recorded":"","explicit":"","block":"","itunes_episode_number":"","itunes_title":"","itunes_season_number":"","itunes_episode_type":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[16],"tags":[275],"ppma_author":[1249],"class_list":{"0":"post-9004","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-paint-coatings","8":"tag-materials","9":"entry"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Curing agents for ambient cure coatings | Prospector<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Learn how the proper use of curing agents can improve performance in ambient cure coatings in the Prospector Knowledge Center.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/9004\/pc-ambient-cure-coatings-curing-agents\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Curing agents for ambient cure coatings | Prospector\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Learn how the proper use of curing agents can improve performance in ambient cure coatings in the Prospector Knowledge Center.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/9004\/pc-ambient-cure-coatings-curing-agents\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Prospector Knowledge Center\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2018-11-02T14:00:34+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2018-11-20T16:48:36+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/paint-swatches-13424708_800x420.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"800\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"420\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Ron Lewarchik\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:image\" content=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/paint-swatches-13424708_600x400.jpg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Ron Lewarchik\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"4 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ulprospector.ul.com\\\/9004\\\/pc-ambient-cure-coatings-curing-agents\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ulprospector.ul.com\\\/9004\\\/pc-ambient-cure-coatings-curing-agents\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Ron Lewarchik\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ulprospector.ul.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/21b1c19e5a3e88e83d018aeeeb06d5c1\"},\"headline\":\"No Heat or Light? 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No Problem &#8211; with Curing Agents for Ambient Cure Coatings\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ulprospector.ul.com\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ulprospector.ul.com\\\/\",\"name\":\"Prospector Knowledge Center\",\"description\":\"Welcome to the blog for UL Prospector, the most comprehensive raw material search engine for product developers.\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ulprospector.ul.com\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ulprospector.ul.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/21b1c19e5a3e88e83d018aeeeb06d5c1\",\"name\":\"Ron Lewarchik\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ulprospector.ul.com\\\/media\\\/2014\\\/05\\\/Ron-Lewarchik_avatar_1399393591-96x96.png60d40a18dc5ac3c647e96e3753e86ac0\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ulprospector.ul.com\\\/media\\\/2014\\\/05\\\/Ron-Lewarchik_avatar_1399393591-96x96.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ulprospector.ul.com\\\/media\\\/2014\\\/05\\\/Ron-Lewarchik_avatar_1399393591-96x96.png\",\"caption\":\"Ron Lewarchik\"},\"description\":\"Ronald J. Lewarchik, President and CEO of Chemical Dynamics, LLC, brings 40 years of paint and coatings industry expertise to his role as a contributing author with the Prospector Knowledge Center. As a contributing writer, Ron pens articles on topics relevant to formulators in the coatings industry. He also serves as a consultant for the Prospector materials search engine, advising on issues related to optimization and organization materials within the database. Ron's company, Chemical Dynamics, LLC (www.chemicaldynamics.net), is a full-service paint and coatings firm specializing in consulting and product development based in Plymouth, Michigan. Since 2004, he has provided consulting, product development, contract research, feasibility studies, failure mode analysis and more for a wide range of clients, as well as their suppliers, customers and coaters. He has also served as an Adjunct Research Professor at the Coatings Research Institute of Eastern Michigan University. As such, Ron was awarded a sub-grant from the Department of Energy to develop energy-saving coating technology for architectural applications, as well as grants from private industry to develop low energy cure, low VOC compliant coatings. He taught courses on color and application of automotive top coats, cathodic electro-coat and surface treatment. His experience includes coatings for automotive, coil, architectural, industrial and product finishing. Previously, Ron was the Vice President of Industrial Research and Technology, as well as the Global Director of Coil Coating Technology for BASF (Morton International). During his fourteen-year tenure with the company, he developed innovative coil coating commercial products primarily for roofing, residential, commercial and industrial building, as well as industrial and automotive applications. He was awarded fifteen patents for new resin and coating formulas. From 1974 to 1990, Ron held positions with Desoto, Inc. and PPG Industries. He was the winner of two R&amp;D awards for coatings utilizing PVDF resins, developed the first commercial high solids automotive topcoat and was awarded 39 U.S. patents for a variety of novel technologies he developed. He holds a Masters in Physical Organic Chemistry from the University of Pittsburgh and subsequently studied Polymer Science at Carnegie Mellon University. Ron lives in Brighton, Michigan with his family. 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Lewarchik, President and CEO of Chemical Dynamics, LLC, brings 40 years of paint and coatings industry expertise to his role as a contributing author with the Prospector Knowledge Center. As a contributing writer, Ron pens articles on topics relevant to formulators in the coatings industry. He also serves as a consultant for the Prospector materials search engine, advising on issues related to optimization and organization materials within the database. Ron's company, Chemical Dynamics, LLC (www.chemicaldynamics.net), is a full-service paint and coatings firm specializing in consulting and product development based in Plymouth, Michigan. Since 2004, he has provided consulting, product development, contract research, feasibility studies, failure mode analysis and more for a wide range of clients, as well as their suppliers, customers and coaters. He has also served as an Adjunct Research Professor at the Coatings Research Institute of Eastern Michigan University. As such, Ron was awarded a sub-grant from the Department of Energy to develop energy-saving coating technology for architectural applications, as well as grants from private industry to develop low energy cure, low VOC compliant coatings. He taught courses on color and application of automotive top coats, cathodic electro-coat and surface treatment. His experience includes coatings for automotive, coil, architectural, industrial and product finishing. Previously, Ron was the Vice President of Industrial Research and Technology, as well as the Global Director of Coil Coating Technology for BASF (Morton International). During his fourteen-year tenure with the company, he developed innovative coil coating commercial products primarily for roofing, residential, commercial and industrial building, as well as industrial and automotive applications. He was awarded fifteen patents for new resin and coating formulas. From 1974 to 1990, Ron held positions with Desoto, Inc. and PPG Industries. He was the winner of two R&amp;D awards for coatings utilizing PVDF resins, developed the first commercial high solids automotive topcoat and was awarded 39 U.S. patents for a variety of novel technologies he developed. He holds a Masters in Physical Organic Chemistry from the University of Pittsburgh and subsequently studied Polymer Science at Carnegie Mellon University. Ron lives in Brighton, Michigan with his family. 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