{"id":9243,"date":"2019-02-15T08:00:11","date_gmt":"2019-02-15T14:00:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\/knowledge\/?p=9243"},"modified":"2024-06-26T08:52:06","modified_gmt":"2024-06-26T14:52:06","slug":"pc-evaluating-and-testing-the-weathering-of-coatings","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/9243\/pc-evaluating-and-testing-the-weathering-of-coatings\/","title":{"rendered":"Cause and Defect: Evaluating and Testing the Weathering of Coatings"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-9250 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/media\/2019\/02\/weathered-wall-1089944_600x400.jpg\" alt=\"Image of weathered barn and doors - learn how to evaluate coating testing in the Prospector Knowledge Center.\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/weathered-wall-1089944_600x400.jpg 600w, https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/weathered-wall-1089944_600x400-300x200.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/>Exterior weathering can have a dramatic effect on the aesthetic, functional and physical properties of coatings that can include chalking, film erosion, cracking, color change, etching, blisters, peeling, spotting, and loss of hardness, flexibility (increase in glass transition temperature, or T<sub>g<\/sub>), gloss, and adhesion. Multiple <strong><em>formulation issues<\/em><\/strong> influence the performance of coatings in a given exterior environment and include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Resin Type<\/li>\n<li>Crosslinker Type<\/li>\n<li>Pigment\/color<\/li>\n<li>Pigment type<\/li>\n<li>Pigment to binder ratio<\/li>\n<li>Presence of Catalyst<\/li>\n<li>Additive selection<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>Need help researching antioxidants and UV absorbers for coatings?<\/h3>\n<p>Prospector can help speed along your research with technical datasheets and access to global suppliers for thousands of materials.<\/p>\n<h3><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\/?st=31\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Create your free account today!<\/a><\/h3>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>What impacts exterior coating weathering?<\/h3>\n<p>Some of these factors will be covered in more detail than others to the degree they influence weathering. The major issues impacting exterior weathering include: <strong><em>photooxidation<\/em><\/strong> (presence of oxygen and light) and <strong><em>hydrolysis<\/em><\/strong> due to the effects of moisture, heat and light. The former can be mitigated to a degree with the proper use of <strong><em>UV absorbers<\/em><\/strong> to reduce exposure of the polymer matrix to UV light, <strong><em>antioxidants<\/em><\/strong> and <strong><em>hindered amine light stabilizers (HALS)<\/em><\/strong> to reduce the effects of associated oxidative degradation.<\/p>\n<p>Both photooxidation and hydrolysis are exacerbated by an increase in temperature as both are thermally activated. Environments high in airborne moist salt and\/or acid rain (high sulfate, nitrate) and ozone accelerate the hydrolysis and degradation of resin systems and accelerate color change due to acid attack of pigments.<\/p>\n<p>By far the major process that influences film degradation of polymeric coatings is <strong><em>photooxidation<\/em><\/strong>. Oxidative degradation proceeds by hydrogen abstraction from the polymer through an autocatalytic process. Accordingly, to achieve excellent weathering, avoid or at least minimize functional groups in the polymer that are more vulnerable to hydrogen abstraction. Following is a general order of functional group resistance to oxidative degradation of activated methylene groups <strong>(- CH<sub>2<\/sub>&#8211;<\/strong>) between double bonds or adjacent to amine groups being the worst:<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-9244 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/media\/2019\/02\/weathering-activated-methylene-groups.jpg\" alt=\"Order of functional group resistance to oxidative degradation of activated methylene groups - learn more about testing coating weathering in the Prospector Knowledge Center.\" width=\"693\" height=\"79\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/weathering-activated-methylene-groups.jpg 693w, https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/weathering-activated-methylene-groups-300x34.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 693px) 100vw, 693px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Accordingly, in general fluoropolymers and siloxanes are more durable than polyesters or urethanes followed by resin systems high in aromatic content, and amine groups being the least durable. The later types include aromatic epoxies.<\/p>\n<p>Characteristics of <strong><em>UV Stabilizers<\/em><\/strong> include absorption and quenching. <strong><em>UV absorbers<\/em><\/strong> act by absorbing radiation in the wavelength region where the polymer system absorbs thus acting to shield the resin from degradation. Ideally UV Stabilizers should have a high absorption in the UV region from 295 to 380nm to provide protection for the polymer from degradation. The most effective UV stabilizers are also more permanent thus ensuring longer life once incorporated into a paint system.<\/p>\n<p>UV stabilizers convert the absorbed UV energy into heat, such as that with 2 \u2013 hydroxy benzophenone:<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_9245\" class=\"thumbnail wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"width: 526px\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-9245 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/media\/2019\/02\/weathering-2-hydroxy-benzophenone.jpg\" alt=\"Chemical formula for 2 \u2013 hydroxy benzophenone - learn more about testing coatings for weathering in the Prospector Knowledge Center.\" width=\"526\" height=\"185\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/weathering-2-hydroxy-benzophenone.jpg 526w, https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/weathering-2-hydroxy-benzophenone-300x106.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 526px) 100vw, 526px\" \/><figcaption class=\"caption wp-caption-text\">Chemical formula for 2 \u2013 hydroxy benzophenone<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><strong><em>Antioxidants<\/em><\/strong> are classified into two groups of preventative (peroxide decomposers and chain breaking antioxidants). Peroxide decomposers include sulfides and phosphites. Chain breaking antioxidants disrupt the chain propagation step of <strong><em>autoxidation<\/em><\/strong>. Organic materials react with molecular oxygen in a process called <strong><em>&#8220;autoxidation<\/em><\/strong>&#8220;. <strong><em>Autoxidation<\/em><\/strong> is initiated by heat, light (primarily in the UV region), mechanical stress, catalyst residues, or reaction with impurities to form alkyl radicals. The free radical can, in turn, react and result in the degradation of the polymer such as depicted below:<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-9246\" src=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/media\/2019\/02\/weathering-autoxidation-cycle-degradation.jpg\" alt=\"Image of Autoxidation Cycle: Degradation - learn more about how to test coating weathering in the Knowledge Center.\" width=\"635\" height=\"325\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/weathering-autoxidation-cycle-degradation.jpg 635w, https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/weathering-autoxidation-cycle-degradation-300x154.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 635px) 100vw, 635px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Hindered Amine Light Stabilizers<\/em><\/strong> (<strong><em>HALS<\/em><\/strong>) function both as chain breaking antioxidants as well as\u00a0 complexing agents for transition metals. For coatings that provide excellent durability, the rate of <strong><em>Hydrolysis<\/em><\/strong> is normally much lower than that of photooxidation.<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>The rate of hydrolysis for functional groups is esters&gt;carbonates&gt;ureas&gt;urethanes&gt;ethers. <\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><em>For crosslinked products, melamines hydrolyze at a faster rate than that of aliphatic urethane<\/em><\/strong><strong>s.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>As most systems used in exterior applications contain pigment (including basecoat\/clearcoat systems used in exterior automotive topcoats); <strong><em>pigment selection, color as well as pigment volume concentration<\/em><\/strong> <strong><em>(PVC)<\/em><\/strong> all contribute to the durability of the paint system. PVC selection is somewhat dictated by gloss level, color requirement and film thickness necessary for acceptable hide (color uniformity over the substrate).<\/p>\n<p>In paint systems dependent on protection provided by pigment for light stability, durability is more dependent on relatively small variations in PVC. The relationship between color and weathering can be very complicated. For example, darker colors tend to absorb more radiant energy and thus the heat absorption coefficient for darker colors not using solar reflective pigments is higher, contributing to higher temperatures of the coating exposed to exterior radiant energy:<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-9247\" src=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/media\/2019\/02\/weathering-heat-accumulation-of-organic-coated-substrates.jpg\" alt=\"Chart of heat accumulation of organic coated substrates using conventional pigments in sunlight - learn more about testing coating weathering in the Prospector Knowledge Center.\" width=\"797\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/weathering-heat-accumulation-of-organic-coated-substrates.jpg 797w, https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/weathering-heat-accumulation-of-organic-coated-substrates-300x226.jpg 300w, https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/weathering-heat-accumulation-of-organic-coated-substrates-768x578.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 797px) 100vw, 797px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Higher temperatures contribute to higher degradation rates, however darker colors (brown\/black) absorb more UV\/Visible light energy and thus help protect the polymer system from degradation. Accordingly the use of a resin system prone to oxidative degradation at higher temperatures will provide poor weathering especially in dark colors.<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Pigment selection<\/em><\/strong> within a class of colors can have a tremendous effect on the durability within a class of polymers. Pigments used for color and hiding can be divided into two general classes including <strong><em>inorganic and organic<\/em><\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Inorganic pigments <\/em><\/strong>as a class are more resistant to degradation and chemicals than are organics. Some of the durable inorganic pigments include acid resistant aluminum flake, micaceous iron oxide, yellow, brown and red iron oxides.<\/p>\n<p>The most durable inorganic pigments are <strong><em>Ceramic pigments. Ceramic pigments <\/em><\/strong>are mixed metal oxides. As these pigments are fully oxidized they are very resistant to chemicals and oxidation. As many bright colors require <strong><em>organic pigments<\/em><\/strong>, such pigments are a necessity. Many <strong><em>organic pigments<\/em><\/strong> can provide exceptional resistance to exterior degradation and are used extensively in automotive basecoats.<\/p>\n<h3>How to evaluate coating weathering<\/h3>\n<p>The best way to<strong><em> evaluate weathering <\/em><\/strong>is by natural exposure in the color, environment, gloss level and exposure angle the coating will be used in. As that is not practical for the introduction of new coatings, accelerated weathering is a necessity.<\/p>\n<p>South Florida weathering is normally the most accepted means to determine accelerated natural weathering of a coating. For example: 5 degrees horizontal south facing for automotive applications or 45 or 90 degrees facing south or north respectively for architectural applications.<\/p>\n<p>Marine environments are also commonly used for paint systems to evaluate corrosion protection or resistance to biological growth. Although South Florida weathering provides a good indication of the projected durability, there is always a desire to further reduce the time required to predict the durability of a coating to an environment high in UV, moisture, and high temperature.<\/p>\n<p>A few of the other commonly used methods to determine accelerated weathering include ASTM D 4587 (QUV weathering) and ASTM G155\/ASTM D7869 (Xenon Arc). These accelerated weathering devices provide a combination of cycles of intense UV light, high temperature and high humidity. There are a number of articles detailing the correlation or lack thereof with natural weathering including new instruments and processes that profess to provide a better correlation to natural weathering.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-9248\" src=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/media\/2019\/02\/weathering-xenon-with-daylight-filter.jpg\" alt=\"Graph of Xenon with daylight filter - learn more about how to evaluate coating weathering in the Prospector Knowledge Center.\" width=\"947\" height=\"570\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/weathering-xenon-with-daylight-filter.jpg 947w, https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/weathering-xenon-with-daylight-filter-300x181.jpg 300w, https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/weathering-xenon-with-daylight-filter-768x462.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 947px) 100vw, 947px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-9249\" src=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/media\/2019\/02\/weathering-QUV-with-UVA-340-lamps.jpg\" alt=\"Chart of coating weathering results - learn more about how to evaluate coating weathering in the Prospector Knowledge Center.\" width=\"835\" height=\"535\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/weathering-QUV-with-UVA-340-lamps.jpg 835w, https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/weathering-QUV-with-UVA-340-lamps-300x192.jpg 300w, https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/weathering-QUV-with-UVA-340-lamps-768x492.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 835px) 100vw, 835px\" \/><\/p>\n<h3>Sources and further reading:<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Prospector Search Engine\n<ul>\n<li>UV Absorbers<\/li>\n<li>antioxidants<\/li>\n<li>ceramic pigments<\/li>\n<li>mixed metal oxide<\/li>\n<li>HALS<\/li>\n<li>iron oxide<\/li>\n<li>UV stabilizer<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Organic Coatings, Science and Technology, Frank N. Jones et.al., Wiley &amp; Sons, 2017<\/li>\n<li>Exterior Durability of Organic Coatings, Eric V. Schmid, FMJ International, 1988<\/li>\n<li>The Right Choice, Jim Regan, Q Lab<\/li>\n<li>Prospector Knowledge Center: <a href=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/977\/pc-resin-fundamentals-on-coatings-performance-part-i\/?st=31\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Resin Fundamentals and Their Effect of Coatings Performance<\/a>, R. Lewarchik<\/li>\n<li>Prospector Knowledge Center: <a href=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/795\/pc-pigment-volume-concentration-part-ii\/?st=31\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Effect of PVC<\/a>, R. Lewarchik<\/li>\n<li>Prospector: <a href=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/5622\/pc-architectural-coatings-that-reduce-heating-and-cooling\/?st=31\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Architectural Coatings that Reduce Heating and Cooling Costs<\/a>, R. Lewarchik<\/li>\n<li>SpecialChem: <a href=\"https:\/\/polymer-additives.specialchem.com\/centers\/antioxidants-to-prevent-polymer-oxidation?lr\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Antioxidants to Prevent Polymer Oxidation<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Exterior weathering can have a dramatic effect on the aesthetic, functional and physical properties of coatings that can include chalking, film erosion, cracking, color change, etching, blisters, peeling, spotting, and loss of hardness, flexibility (increase in glass transition temperature, or &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/9243\/pc-evaluating-and-testing-the-weathering-of-coatings\/\">Continued<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":9250,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"episode_type":"","audio_file":"","podmotor_file_id":"","podmotor_episode_id":"","cover_image":"","cover_image_id":"","duration":"","filesize":"","filesize_raw":"","date_recorded":"","explicit":"","block":"","itunes_episode_number":"","itunes_title":"","itunes_season_number":"","itunes_episode_type":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[16],"tags":[275],"ppma_author":[1249],"class_list":{"0":"post-9243","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-paint-coatings","8":"tag-materials","9":"entry"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>How to evaluate coating weathering: Tips and considerations<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The best way to evaluate weathering is by natural exposure but sometimes accelerated weathering is a necessity. 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Lewarchik, President and CEO of Chemical Dynamics, LLC, brings 40 years of paint and coatings industry expertise to his role as a contributing author with the Prospector Knowledge Center. As a contributing writer, Ron pens articles on topics relevant to formulators in the coatings industry. He also serves as a consultant for the Prospector materials search engine, advising on issues related to optimization and organization materials within the database. Ron's company, Chemical Dynamics, LLC (www.chemicaldynamics.net), is a full-service paint and coatings firm specializing in consulting and product development based in Plymouth, Michigan. Since 2004, he has provided consulting, product development, contract research, feasibility studies, failure mode analysis and more for a wide range of clients, as well as their suppliers, customers and coaters. He has also served as an Adjunct Research Professor at the Coatings Research Institute of Eastern Michigan University. As such, Ron was awarded a sub-grant from the Department of Energy to develop energy-saving coating technology for architectural applications, as well as grants from private industry to develop low energy cure, low VOC compliant coatings. He taught courses on color and application of automotive top coats, cathodic electro-coat and surface treatment. His experience includes coatings for automotive, coil, architectural, industrial and product finishing. Previously, Ron was the Vice President of Industrial Research and Technology, as well as the Global Director of Coil Coating Technology for BASF (Morton International). During his fourteen-year tenure with the company, he developed innovative coil coating commercial products primarily for roofing, residential, commercial and industrial building, as well as industrial and automotive applications. He was awarded fifteen patents for new resin and coating formulas. From 1974 to 1990, Ron held positions with Desoto, Inc. and PPG Industries. He was the winner of two R&amp;D awards for coatings utilizing PVDF resins, developed the first commercial high solids automotive topcoat and was awarded 39 U.S. patents for a variety of novel technologies he developed. He holds a Masters in Physical Organic Chemistry from the University of Pittsburgh and subsequently studied Polymer Science at Carnegie Mellon University. Ron lives in Brighton, Michigan with his family. Contact Ron via email\u00a0or through his company\u2019s web site at www.chemicaldynamics.net to learn more about his consulting services\u2026\",\"sameAs\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/ulprospector.ul.com\"],\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ulprospector.ul.com\\\/author\\\/ron-lewarchik\\\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"How to evaluate coating weathering: Tips and considerations","description":"The best way to evaluate weathering is by natural exposure but sometimes accelerated weathering is a necessity. 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Lewarchik, President and CEO of Chemical Dynamics, LLC, brings 40 years of paint and coatings industry expertise to his role as a contributing author with the Prospector Knowledge Center. As a contributing writer, Ron pens articles on topics relevant to formulators in the coatings industry. He also serves as a consultant for the Prospector materials search engine, advising on issues related to optimization and organization materials within the database. Ron's company, Chemical Dynamics, LLC (www.chemicaldynamics.net), is a full-service paint and coatings firm specializing in consulting and product development based in Plymouth, Michigan. Since 2004, he has provided consulting, product development, contract research, feasibility studies, failure mode analysis and more for a wide range of clients, as well as their suppliers, customers and coaters. He has also served as an Adjunct Research Professor at the Coatings Research Institute of Eastern Michigan University. As such, Ron was awarded a sub-grant from the Department of Energy to develop energy-saving coating technology for architectural applications, as well as grants from private industry to develop low energy cure, low VOC compliant coatings. He taught courses on color and application of automotive top coats, cathodic electro-coat and surface treatment. His experience includes coatings for automotive, coil, architectural, industrial and product finishing. Previously, Ron was the Vice President of Industrial Research and Technology, as well as the Global Director of Coil Coating Technology for BASF (Morton International). During his fourteen-year tenure with the company, he developed innovative coil coating commercial products primarily for roofing, residential, commercial and industrial building, as well as industrial and automotive applications. He was awarded fifteen patents for new resin and coating formulas. From 1974 to 1990, Ron held positions with Desoto, Inc. and PPG Industries. He was the winner of two R&amp;D awards for coatings utilizing PVDF resins, developed the first commercial high solids automotive topcoat and was awarded 39 U.S. patents for a variety of novel technologies he developed. He holds a Masters in Physical Organic Chemistry from the University of Pittsburgh and subsequently studied Polymer Science at Carnegie Mellon University. Ron lives in Brighton, Michigan with his family. 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