{"id":9392,"date":"2019-04-12T08:00:06","date_gmt":"2019-04-12T14:00:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\/knowledge\/?p=9392"},"modified":"2019-05-10T08:16:03","modified_gmt":"2019-05-10T14:16:03","slug":"pe-stretch-your-imagination-graphene-and-nanotechnology-in-stretchable-electronics","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/9392\/pe-stretch-your-imagination-graphene-and-nanotechnology-in-stretchable-electronics\/","title":{"rendered":"Stretch your imagination: Graphene and nanotechnology in stretchable electronics"},"content":{"rendered":"

Stretchable electronics (elastronics) is an emerging class of electronics. It is used for building electronic circuits by depositing stretchable electronic devices and circuits onto stretchable substrates or by embedding them completely in stretchable materials, such as silicones or polyurethanes.<\/p>\n

\"stretchable
Image 1: A wide range of stretchable electronic devices are being investigated, including this thin-film transistor matrix, showed relaxed (L) and stretched to about 60% (R). The transistor parameters remain almost unchanged upon stretching up to 140%. Credit: Matsuhisa, N. et al. Nature Communications. 25 July 2015\/Creative Commons<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Stretchable devices have a wide range of potential uses in healthcare, energy and the military. Examples include cyber skin for robotic devices, imparting a network of sensors on a fully conformable, stretchable cyber skin. Other examples include: in vivo implantable sponge-like electronics, flesh-like devices with embedded electronic nervous systems and next-generation wearable devices.<\/p>\n

Wearable elastronics<\/h3>\n

Non-invasive wearable robots can interact seamlessly with the human body, enabling the detection of diseases. Soft robots can be used to implement minimally invasive surgeries, such as of the brain. Where precision is important, such robots may have more scope than a human surgeon.<\/p>\n

By integrating multiple stretchable components such as temperature, pressure and electrochemical sensors, it is possible to create a material resembling human skin. It uses signals from sweat, tears or saliva for real-time, non-invasive healthcare monitoring. Also, it can be used for smart prosthetics or robots with enhanced sense capabilities. However, at present, fabrication of artificial skin remains time-consuming and complex.<\/p>\n

Elastronics research<\/h3>\n

Researchers from Seoul National University and MC10 (a flexible-electronics company that originated at MIT based in Lexington, Massachusetts) have developed a patch that is able to detect glucose levels in sweat. It can deliver the medicine needed on demand (insulin or metformin). The patch consists of graphene riddled with gold particles and contains sensors that detect temperature, pH level, glucose and humidity.<\/p>\n

Strategies for developing stretchable electronics<\/h3>\n
\"photo
Image 2: This solar cell can be stretched (L) or twisted (R) without performance degradation. Credit: Nam, J. et al. Scientific Reports. 8 Aug. 2017\/Creative Commons<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Many different stretchable electronic components are being developed. Currently, there are two main strategies for manufacturing stretchable electronics.<\/p>\n

In the first strategy, they can be made by using the same components used for conventional rigid printed circuit boards, the substrate and the interconnections being made stretchable rather than flexible or rigid.<\/p>\n

Intrinsically stretchable materials, such as rubber, can endure large deformations. However, these materials have limitations, such as high electrical resistance. Also, when rigid components are deposited onto stretchable substrates, the interconnections will be subjected to high mechanical strain whenever the substrate is flexed.<\/p>\n

The second method is to make non-flexible materials stretchable using innovative design. For example, brittle semiconductor materials such as silicon can be grown on a pre-stretched surface. It is then allowed to compress, creating buckling waves.<\/p>\n

Another strategy involves linking ‘islands’ of rigid conductive materials together using flexible interconnections, such as soft or liquid metals. Origami-inspired folding techniques can be used to make foldable electronic devices. In the future, stretchable electronics may be enhanced with new capabilities, such as wireless communication, self-charging or even self-healing.<\/p>\n

The cost of stretchable electronics<\/h3>\n

Low-cost stretchable conductors and electrodes are being made from silver nanowires and graphene. Graphene is a thin, two-dimensional layer of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice. It is the basic building-block of graphite.<\/p>\n

Graphene has a multitude of unique mechanical, thermal, electrical and optical properties. Defects in graphene can make graphene weaker and with quite different, yet no less interesting properties.<\/p>\n

Graphene has extremely high electrical current density (a million times that of copper) and intrinsic mobility (100 times that of silicon). It has lower resistivity than any other known material at room temperature, including silver. There are also some methods to turn it into a superconductor \u00a0because it can carry electricity with 100% efficiency.<\/p>\n

\n

Need help with your research?<\/h3>\n

Prospector can help speed along your research with technical datasheets and access to global equipment suppliers.<\/p>\n

Create your free account today!<\/a><\/h3>\n
\n

The technical issues<\/h3>\n

An urgent technical problem is the need for stretchable energy conversion and storage devices, such as batteries. Zinc-based batteries are promising candidates: however, more work is required to make them commercially viable.<\/p>\n

Nanomaterials and fullerenes<\/h3>\n

Nanomaterials describe, in principle, materials where a single unit is sized (in at least one dimension) between 1 to 1000 nm but usually is 1 to 100 nm. Nanomaterials are slowly becoming commercialised and are beginning to emerge as commodities.<\/p>\n

Fullerenes are conceptually graphene sheets rolled into tubes or spheres. These include the carbon nanotubes (or silicon nanotubes) which are of interest both because of their mechanical strength and their electrical properties.<\/p>\n

Where are stretchable electronics used?<\/h3>\n

The most commonly used stretchable energy storage device is based on active materials for double-layer supercapacitors–carbon-based materials such as single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs)– due to their excellent electrical conductivity and high surface areas.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

References<\/h3>\n

Wei Wu. Wuhan University, China. weiwu@whu.edu.cn<\/a>,\u00a0Paper link: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14686996.2018.1549460<\/a><\/p>\n

National Institute for Materials Science. The future of stretchable electronics. https:\/\/phys.org\/news\/2019-03-future-stretchable-electronics.html<\/a><\/p>\n

<\/h1>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Stretchable electronics (elastronics) is an emerging class of electronics. It is used for building electronic circuits by depositing stretchable electronic devices and circuits onto stretchable substrates or by embedding them completely in stretchable materials, such as silicones or polyurethanes. 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Having originally qualified as a metallurgist at Cambridge University, Andy spent a period as a consultant, where he specialised in advanced composites, asbestos substitutes and the methodology of materials selection, subjects on which he has published several books and technical papers. Since the early 1980s, he has edited many of the leading manufacturing and engineering titles in the UK, firstly cutting his teeth as a technical journalist on Design Engineering. Known as \"The Materials Man\", he covered many of the early innovations in engineering plastics. He was promoted to editor in 1985 and subsequently moved on to edit Engineering magazine (1992), and Industrial Technology (1994). In 1999, with former colleagues, he launched Pro-Talk, which founded the first online publications for engineers in Europe - the then thriving business was sold to Centaur Publications in 2006. Since then, Andy has continued to publish online, including his own title New Materials International (www.newmaterials.com). He is also a regular contributor to many specialist engineering titles in the UK and Europe, including Controls, Drives & Automation (CDA), Engineering & Technology (E&T), and Environmental Technology. As technology companies strive to manage their own websites, they are recognising the need to develop their writing and editing resources. Andy now works directly for companies in the manufacturing sector, delivering technical content through this medium for their current and prospective customers. Working with end users, PR agencies and website designers, this business is growing rapidly and Andy is aactively building a team of expert writers to fufil the demand for feature articles, news items and white papers.","sameAs":["http:\/\/www.ulprospector.com"],"url":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/author\/andy-pye\/"}]}},"authors":[{"term_id":1238,"user_id":22,"is_guest":0,"slug":"andy-pye","display_name":"Andy Pye","avatar_url":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/media\/2017\/10\/Andy-Pye_avatar_1508792576-96x96.jpg","0":null,"1":"","2":"","3":"","4":"","5":"","6":"","7":"","8":""}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9392","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/22"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9392"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9392\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/9395"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9392"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=9392"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=9392"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ppma_author?post=9392"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}