{"id":977,"date":"2014-09-19T08:00:24","date_gmt":"2014-09-19T13:00:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\/knowledge\/?p=977"},"modified":"2015-09-15T16:38:07","modified_gmt":"2015-09-15T21:38:07","slug":"pc-resin-fundamentals-on-coatings-performance-part-i","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/977\/pc-resin-fundamentals-on-coatings-performance-part-i\/","title":{"rendered":"Resin Fundamentals and Their Effect on Coatings Performance"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Resins1SM\"A critical part of any coatings formulation is the contribution that the resin has to the ultimate performance attributes of the coating. In\u00a0this article, we will define some key resin parameters and how they influence resin selection in light of the desired coating properties. Some of the key definitions of resin properties we will define include thermoplastic, thermoset, glass transition temperature, tensile strength, modulus, elongation, functionality, film formation temperature, molecular weight, weight average molecular weight, number average molecular weight and molecular weight distribution.<\/p>\n

Film Formation – Thermoset and Thermoplastic<\/h4>\n

Simply stated, a thermoplastic resin softens with heat, whereas a thermoset resin has functional groups and is thus capable of crosslinking with a reactant or self-crosslinking. Thermosetting resins react and harden in the presence of heat, moisture and\/or oxygen. \u00a0Film formation for a liquid paint using a thermoplastic resin takes place by water or solvent evaporation, whereas film formation for liquid coatings containing thermosetting resins occurs in two stages. In the first stage, solvent and\/or water is evaporated and in the second stage, the resin self cross-links or reacts in the presence of an external cross-linker or reactant.\u00a0 For most applications requiring high levels of chemical resistance and toughness, thermosetting resins are normally the technology of choice. Unlike a thermosetting coating, when a thermoplastic coating is heated, it softens appreciably, as it is thermo-plastic.<\/p>\n

Resin Characterization – Glass Transition Temperature, Molecular Weight and Molecular Weight Distribution<\/h4>\n

Two other considerations that have a pronounced influence on coating performance are glass transition temperature and molecular weight, including molecular weight distribution. The vast majority of synthetic polymers used in coatings are amorphous rather than crystalline, so they do not have a distinct melting point. Amorphous polymers have one or more temperatures in which there is a change in the rate of increase of specific volume with increasing temperature. Properly defined, the glass transition temperature is the temperature at which there is an increase in the thermal expansion coefficient (change from a glassy state where the resin is hard and brittle to a more rubbery state). The Tg can be measured using dynamics mechanical analysis (DMA) or differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"DSC<\/a>
DSC Analysis<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
\"DMA<\/a>
DMA Analysis<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Tg is a very important consideration in the selection of the proper resin for a given application. For example, a resin with a Tg significantly above room temperature may not properly coalesce to form a good film at room temperature. Conversely, for a thermoplastic ambient cure system, a resin with a Tg below room temperature will form a soft film that is not very mar or scratch resistant. At the Tg, the free\u00a0volume and thus the mobility of the resin backbone increases. So for thermosetting resins, this also enables greater availability of resin functionalities to react or crosslink to form a film. As you can see from the above chart, a number of fundamental properties are dependent on the Tg of the resin within a given polymer type. Another important characteristic that influences the performance of a resin in a coatings formulation is the molecular weight (MW)<\/em> and the molecular weight distribution. Synthetic polymers<\/a>\u00a0(EU<\/a>) contain a mixture of polymers with different molecular weights.<\/p>\n

\"resin3\"<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"resin4\"<\/a>
Table I \u2013 Tg of various Homopolymers and Molecular Weight<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

There is a mixture of MW\u2019s in a synthetic polymer. Thus the MW\u2019s can be defined only by using a statistical distribution. The weight average molecular weight<\/em>, or Mw, is defined as the summation of the products of the weight of each polymer species at a given molecular weight divided by the total molecular mass. The number average molecular weight<\/em> or Mn is the molecular weight<\/em> of the summation of the products of the number of molecules at each molecular weight divided by the sum of the number of molecules in a given sample. The ratio of Mw\/Mn is called the molecular weight distribution<\/em> or also polydispersity. <\/em><\/p>\n

The molecular weight, as well as the molecular weight distribution, can have a profound effect on coating performance. For example, for coatings made with resin solutions, normally the higher the molecular weight, the higher the viscosity. This is a most critical consideration when formulating high solids coatings, since at the same viscosity, a higher molecular weight resin will require more solvent, resulting in a higher VOC than the same resin composition supplied at a lower molecular weight. Higher molecular weights, especially for thermoplastic polymers, normally result in higher tensile strength (toughness). For higher solids coatings, a narrow molecular weight distribution is desirable as lower viscosity results. Viscosity dependence on molecular weight<\/em> is much less of an issue in water born coatings, because most of these coatings are comprised of polymeric particles<\/a>\u00a0(EU<\/a>) (emulsion, dispersion or micro-emulsion) rather than solutions.<\/p>\n

Mechanical Properties – Tensile Strength, Modulus, Elongation and Yield Strength<\/h4>\n

Most coatings formulators were trained as chemists and, unlike engineers, have had little or no exposure to terms such as tensile strength, modulus and elongation<\/em>. However, mechanical properties of a resin system have a profound impact on the initial and longer-term performance of the coatings these resins are used in. Following is a brief description of these terms and how they impact coatings performance. Mechanical properties are determined by subjecting the sample to a stress-strain test. These properties are determined by subjecting a sample to a stress (force\/unit area) strain test (% elongation) as Figure 1 illustrates.<\/p>\n

Elongation-at-break<\/em> is usually expressed as the length at break (A) after stretching (amount of strain) divided by the original length. Tensile strength or tensile-at-break is a measure of the stress when the sample breaks<\/em> (B). The slope of the stress-strain<\/em> plot (C) is the ratio of stress\/strain<\/em> or the modulu<\/em>s. Another way of describing modulus<\/em> is the ability of a sample of a material to resist deformation. The area under the curve is described as the work-to-break. <\/em>As the sample is subjected to additional strain<\/em>, the stress<\/em> required for additional elongation<\/em> decreases. The maximum stress at this point is called the yield point <\/em>(D).<\/em> The yield point<\/em> is normally described in two ways, either yield strength<\/em> (E) or elongation-at-yield<\/em>.<\/p>\n

\"resin5\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Stress-strain plots are impacted by temperature and the rate of pull (time). Accordingly, the conditions under which these plots are determined is important when comparing plots. The determination of the mechanical properties of the resins chosen beforehand for use in a coating formulation can be an extremely helpful parameter.<\/p>\n

In summary, having a full understanding of the resin characteristics and mechanical properties of a resin type can streamline the formulation process and provide the insight needed to formulate a successful product. If requested, many suppliers will provide the detail necessary to ensure that the resin selected is suitable to meet your performance specifications. There are numerous resin suppliers listed in UL\u2019s Prospector website with a wide variety of resin technologies to meet your requirements.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

A critical part of any coatings formulation is the contribution that the resin has to the ultimate performance attributes of the coating. In\u00a0this article, we will define some key resin parameters and how they influence resin selection in light of … Continued<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":984,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"episode_type":"","audio_file":"","podmotor_file_id":"","podmotor_episode_id":"","cover_image":"","cover_image_id":"","duration":"","filesize":"","filesize_raw":"","date_recorded":"","explicit":"","block":"","itunes_episode_number":"","itunes_title":"","itunes_season_number":"","itunes_episode_type":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[16],"tags":[104,112],"ppma_author":[1249],"class_list":{"0":"post-977","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-paint-coatings","8":"tag-mechanical-properties","9":"tag-resin","10":"entry"},"yoast_head":"\nResins And Their Effect on Coatings Performance \u2013 Part I<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"A critical part of any coatings formulation is the contribution that the resin has to the ultimate performance attributes of the coating.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/977\/pc-resin-fundamentals-on-coatings-performance-part-i\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Resins And Their Effect on Coatings Performance \u2013 Part I\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"A critical part of any coatings formulation is the contribution that the resin has to the ultimate performance attributes of the coating.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/977\/pc-resin-fundamentals-on-coatings-performance-part-i\/\" \/>\n<meta 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Lewarchik, President and CEO of Chemical Dynamics, LLC, brings 40 years of paint and coatings industry expertise to his role as a contributing author with the Prospector Knowledge Center. As a contributing writer, Ron pens articles on topics relevant to formulators in the coatings industry. He also serves as a consultant for the Prospector materials search engine, advising on issues related to optimization and organization materials within the database. Ron's company, Chemical Dynamics, LLC (www.chemicaldynamics.net), is a full-service paint and coatings firm specializing in consulting and product development based in Plymouth, Michigan. Since 2004, he has provided consulting, product development, contract research, feasibility studies, failure mode analysis and more for a wide range of clients, as well as their suppliers, customers and coaters. He has also served as an Adjunct Research Professor at the Coatings Research Institute of Eastern Michigan University. 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Lewarchik, President and CEO of Chemical Dynamics, LLC, brings 40 years of paint and coatings industry expertise to his role as a contributing author with the Prospector Knowledge Center. As a contributing writer, Ron pens articles on topics relevant to formulators in the coatings industry. He also serves as a consultant for the Prospector materials search engine, advising on issues related to optimization and organization materials within the database. Ron's company, Chemical Dynamics, LLC (www.chemicaldynamics.net), is a full-service paint and coatings firm specializing in consulting and product development based in Plymouth, Michigan. Since 2004, he has provided consulting, product development, contract research, feasibility studies, failure mode analysis and more for a wide range of clients, as well as their suppliers, customers and coaters. He has also served as an Adjunct Research Professor at the Coatings Research Institute of Eastern Michigan University. As such, Ron was awarded a sub-grant from the Department of Energy to develop energy-saving coating technology for architectural applications, as well as grants from private industry to develop low energy cure, low VOC compliant coatings. He taught courses on color and application of automotive top coats, cathodic electro-coat and surface treatment. His experience includes coatings for automotive, coil, architectural, industrial and product finishing. Previously, Ron was the Vice President of Industrial Research and Technology, as well as the Global Director of Coil Coating Technology for BASF (Morton International). During his fourteen-year tenure with the company, he developed innovative coil coating commercial products primarily for roofing, residential, commercial and industrial building, as well as industrial and automotive applications. He was awarded fifteen patents for new resin and coating formulas. From 1974 to 1990, Ron held positions with Desoto, Inc. and PPG Industries. He was the winner of two R&D awards for coatings utilizing PVDF resins, developed the first commercial high solids automotive topcoat and was awarded 39 U.S. patents for a variety of novel technologies he developed. He holds a Masters in Physical Organic Chemistry from the University of Pittsburgh and subsequently studied Polymer Science at Carnegie Mellon University. Ron lives in Brighton, Michigan with his family. Contact Ron via email\u00a0or through his company\u2019s web site at www.chemicaldynamics.net to learn more about his consulting services\u2026","sameAs":["https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com"],"url":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/author\/ron-lewarchik\/"}]}},"authors":[{"term_id":1249,"user_id":12,"is_guest":0,"slug":"ron-lewarchik","display_name":"Ron Lewarchik","avatar_url":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/media\/2014\/05\/Ron-Lewarchik_avatar_1399393591-96x96.png","0":null,"1":"","2":"","3":"","4":"","5":"","6":"","7":"","8":""}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/977","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/12"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=977"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/977\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/984"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=977"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=977"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=977"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ppma_author?post=977"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}