{"id":9796,"date":"2019-09-12T08:00:00","date_gmt":"2019-09-12T14:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\/knowledge\/?p=9796"},"modified":"2019-09-30T12:32:03","modified_gmt":"2019-09-30T18:32:03","slug":"pc-better-performance-through-rheology","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/9796\/pc-better-performance-through-rheology\/","title":{"rendered":"Better Performance through Rheology"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-9809 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/media\/2019\/09\/person-paintint-a-wall-iStock-1007607572-600x400-wp.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/person-paintint-a-wall-iStock-1007607572-600x400-wp.jpg 600w, https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/person-paintint-a-wall-iStock-1007607572-600x400-wp-300x200.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/>The difference between a paint with trouble-free performance and failure can depend in large part on the <strong><em>rheology<\/em><\/strong> of the paint. <strong><em>Rheology<\/em><\/strong> is defined as the science of flow and deformation and influences properties such as:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><em>Transfer <\/em><\/strong>of resin and paint<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>Pigment dispersion<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><em>Application<\/em><\/strong> (brush, roller, reverse or direct roll coat, spray, disc and flow coat)<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>Film formation<\/em><\/strong> (flow, leveling and film coalescence)<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>Storage stability<\/em><\/strong> (resistance to hard settling of pigment)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In contrast, viscosity can be defined as the resistance to flow. A discussion of flow and leveling is meaningless without consideration and understanding of viscosity. Simply stated, <strong><em>viscosity<\/em><\/strong> is the resistance of a liquid to flow and can be defined in measurable values. Viscosity is expressed as the relationship between shear stress and shear rate.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u03d2<\/strong><strong>\u00a0(<em>shear stress<\/em>) = <em>F (force) \/ A (area)<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><em>\u00a0<\/em><\/strong><strong><em>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0D (shear rate) = V (velocity) \/ <\/em><\/strong><strong><em>C<\/em><\/strong><strong><em> (thickness)<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Shear rate <\/em><\/strong>is expressed as sec-<sup>1 <\/sup>and <strong><em>shear stress<\/em><\/strong> as dyne\/cm<sup>2 <\/sup><br \/>\nAccordingly, <strong><em>viscosity<\/em><\/strong> can be expressed as shear stress \/ shear rate:<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u03b7 (viscosity)<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0 = <strong>\u03d2<\/strong><strong> (<em>shear stress<\/em>) \/ <em>D (shear rate)<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>It follows that the units of viscosity are dyne\/cm<sup>2 <\/sup>\/ sec<sup>-1 <\/sup>or dyne-sec \/ cm<sup>2 <\/sup>or <strong>poise. <\/strong>Fluids are classified as<strong>:<\/strong><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Newtonian<\/strong> (linear relationship of viscosity with shear rate)<\/li>\n<li><strong>Thixotropic or pseudoplastic <\/strong>(decrease in viscosity with increasing shear rate)<\/li>\n<li><strong>Dilatent <\/strong>(increase in viscosity with increasing shear rate)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><em><u>Table 1. Viscosity units of measurement<\/u><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-9797 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/media\/2019\/09\/Pascal1.jpg\" alt=\"Viscosity units of measurement - Learn more about the rheology of paints\" width=\"495\" height=\"235\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/Pascal1.jpg 495w, https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/Pascal1-300x142.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 495px) 100vw, 495px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><em><u>Figure 1. Single point viscosity measurement v. multi-point viscosity measurement<\/u><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-9798 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/media\/2019\/09\/Single-point-viscosity.jpg\" alt=\"Graph of single point viscosity - Learn more about the rheology of paints\" width=\"689\" height=\"347\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/Single-point-viscosity.jpg 689w, https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/Single-point-viscosity-300x151.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 689px) 100vw, 689px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>As Figure 1 indicates, a single point viscosity measurement does not provide the information necessary to determine if a paint is Newtonian, dilatant or thixotropic. Accordingly, to properly formulate a paint for various paint processes, it is necessary to know the viscosity characteristics over a range of shear rates. Multi-point viscosity determinations and rheology adjustments enable optimized pigment dispersion, resin and paint transfer, application, paint flow, leveling and storage stability.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><em><u>Viscosity characteristics of various fluids<\/u><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-9799 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/media\/2019\/09\/Viscosity-characteristics.jpg\" alt=\"image explaining the viscosity of various fluids - Learn more about the rheology of paints\" width=\"599\" height=\"313\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/Viscosity-characteristics.jpg 599w, https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/Viscosity-characteristics-300x157.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 599px) 100vw, 599px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><em><u>Figure 2. Viscosity and shear rate requirements for various paint processes<\/u><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-9800 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/media\/2019\/09\/Viscosity-and-shear-rate.jpg\" alt=\"Graph indicating viscosity and shear rate - Learn more about the rheology of paints\" width=\"810\" height=\"412\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/Viscosity-and-shear-rate.jpg 810w, https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/Viscosity-and-shear-rate-300x153.jpg 300w, https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/Viscosity-and-shear-rate-768x391.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 810px) 100vw, 810px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>As Figures 3 and 4 illustrate viscosity requirements for coating processes such as resin and paint <strong><em>transfer, pigment dispersion, application, film formation and storage stability<\/em><\/strong> are dependent on rheology. For example, in high speed pigment dispersion and application properties, a degree of thixotropy (shear thinning) aids processing, sag resistance and settling resistance.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><em><u>Fig. 3 Type of viscosity determinations for various processes<\/u><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-9801\" src=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/media\/2019\/09\/type-of-viscosity.jpg\" alt=\"types of viscosity - Learn more about the rheology of paints\" width=\"643\" height=\"311\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/type-of-viscosity.jpg 643w, https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/type-of-viscosity-300x145.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 643px) 100vw, 643px\" \/><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong style=\"font-size: 1.4rem;\"><em><u>Fig. 4 Rheology profile for multiple paint processes<\/u><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-9802\" src=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/media\/2019\/09\/rheology-profile.jpg\" alt=\"chart of rheology profiles - Learn more about the rheology of paints\" width=\"681\" height=\"369\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/rheology-profile.jpg 681w, https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/rheology-profile-300x163.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 681px) 100vw, 681px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><em><u>Fig. 5 Viscosity requirements for mill base formulation<\/u><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-9803 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/media\/2019\/09\/Millbase-formulation.jpg\" alt=\"Millbase formulation - Learn more about the rheology of paints\" width=\"603\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/Millbase-formulation.jpg 603w, https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/Millbase-formulation-300x224.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 603px) 100vw, 603px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Multiple <strong><em>rheology\/control<\/em><\/strong> modifiers can be found using the <strong><em>Prospector Search Engine<\/em><\/strong> and are available to modify waterborne and solvent-borne paints to adjust application properties as well as for resistance to hard setting. There are multiple ingredients and variables that influence rheology in a coating formulation.<\/p>\n<p>The issues that impact rheology in paints include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Coating ingredients\n<ul>\n<li>Binders (solution versus latex or dispersion)<\/li>\n<li>Pigments<\/li>\n<li>Filler pigments and extenders<\/li>\n<li>Pigment dispersants<\/li>\n<li>Surfactants<\/li>\n<li>Amines amount and type (waterborne paints)<\/li>\n<li>pH (waterborne)<\/li>\n<li>Cosolvent<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Customization of rheological properties\n<ul>\n<li>Criteria for rheology modification and selection<\/li>\n<li>Flow and leveling agents<\/li>\n<li>Surfactants<\/li>\n<li>Other additives<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The viscosity of latex paints tends to exhibit excessive shear thinning behavior and is dependent on multiple compositional factors as listed above. For latex paints, when the viscosity at high shear rates is adjusted for proper application, the viscosity at low shear rates for proper leveling tends to be high. This is the reason why the leveling of latex paints tends to be poorer than that of solvent-borne paints. This is most pronounced at higher gloss levels. Accordingly, to counteract this phenomena, <strong><em>associative thickener<\/em><\/strong>s are used. In simple terminology, <strong><em>associative thickeners<\/em><\/strong> can be defined as a water-soluble polymer containing multiple hydrophobic groups.<\/p>\n<p>Some common <strong><em>thixatropes <\/em><\/strong>and their incorporation include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Organo clay \u2013 Added during pigment dispersion step<\/li>\n<li>Hydrogenated castor wax \u2013 Added to mill base while cooling\/heat activated<\/li>\n<li>Polyamide \u2013 Added to mill base while cooling\/heat activated or can be preactivated and added during letdown<\/li>\n<li>Fumed silica \u2013 Added during letdown<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Rheology control agents for waterborne coatings include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Cellulosics\n<ul>\n<li>Hydroxyethyl cellulose<\/li>\n<li>Carboxyl functional cellulose<\/li>\n<li>Methyl cellulose<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Polyamides<\/li>\n<li>Synthetic clay<\/li>\n<li>Colloidal silica<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><em>\u00a0<\/em><\/strong><strong><em>Associative thickeners <\/em><\/strong>types for waterborne coatings include<strong><em>:<\/em><\/strong><strong style=\"font-size: 1.4rem;\"><em>\u00a0<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>HEUR (Hydrophobically Modified Ethoxylated Urethanes)<\/li>\n<li>HASE (Hydrophobically-Modified Alkali-Swellable Emulsions)<\/li>\n<li>HMEC (Hydrophobically-Modified Hydroxy Ethyl Cellulose)<\/li>\n<li>HEURASE &#8211; Hydrophobically Modified Ethoxylated Urethane Alkali Swellable Emulsion)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><em>Fig. 6 ASTM D2801 Sag Resistance- Images of applied paint before (left photo) and after (right photo) the addition of a rheology modifier <\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><em> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-9806\" src=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/media\/2019\/09\/Sag-resistance-2.jpg\" alt=\"sag resistance - Learn more about the rheology of paints\" width=\"671\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/Sag-resistance-2.jpg 671w, https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/Sag-resistance-2-300x191.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 671px) 100vw, 671px\" \/><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Figure 6. Illustrates the difference in vertical sag resistance of the same paint with (right photo) paint properly adjusted with a thixatrope compared to the photo on the left prior to modification<strong>. <\/strong>In summary rheology plays a major role in providing a paint that offers ease of pigment dispersion, good fluid transfer, acceptable application properties and long term resistance to hard settling. Additional information concerning rheological materials can be found using Prospector\u2019s search engine for key words such as rheology, thixotropy, flow and thickener.<\/p>\n<h3>Resources<\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ulprospector.com\/en\/na\/Coatings\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Prospector Knowledge Center and Search Engine<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Wikepedia<\/p>\n<p>Organic Coatings, Science and Technology, Third Edition, Wiley, Wicks e.al. 2007<\/p>\n<p>Organic Coatings, Science and Technology, Third Edition, Wiley, Jones e.al. 2017<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.warnerblank.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.warnerblank.com<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The difference between a paint with trouble-free performance and failure can depend in large part on the rheology of the paint. Rheology is defined as the science of flow and deformation and influences properties such as: Transfer of resin and &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/9796\/pc-better-performance-through-rheology\/\">Continued<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":9809,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"episode_type":"","audio_file":"","podmotor_file_id":"","podmotor_episode_id":"","cover_image":"","cover_image_id":"","duration":"","filesize":"","filesize_raw":"","date_recorded":"","explicit":"","block":"","itunes_episode_number":"","itunes_title":"","itunes_season_number":"","itunes_episode_type":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[16],"tags":[],"ppma_author":[1249],"class_list":{"0":"post-9796","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-paint-coatings","8":"entry"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Better Performance through Rheology - Prospector Knowledge Center<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Discover how the rheology of paint can make the difference between a paint with trouble-free performance and a paint that experiences failure.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/ulprospector.ul.com\/9796\/pc-better-performance-through-rheology\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Better Performance through Rheology - Prospector Knowledge Center\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Discover how the rheology of paint can make the difference between a paint with trouble-free performance and a paint that experiences failure. 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Lewarchik, President and CEO of Chemical Dynamics, LLC, brings 40 years of paint and coatings industry expertise to his role as a contributing author with the Prospector Knowledge Center. As a contributing writer, Ron pens articles on topics relevant to formulators in the coatings industry. He also serves as a consultant for the Prospector materials search engine, advising on issues related to optimization and organization materials within the database. Ron's company, Chemical Dynamics, LLC (www.chemicaldynamics.net), is a full-service paint and coatings firm specializing in consulting and product development based in Plymouth, Michigan. Since 2004, he has provided consulting, product development, contract research, feasibility studies, failure mode analysis and more for a wide range of clients, as well as their suppliers, customers and coaters. He has also served as an Adjunct Research Professor at the Coatings Research Institute of Eastern Michigan University. As such, Ron was awarded a sub-grant from the Department of Energy to develop energy-saving coating technology for architectural applications, as well as grants from private industry to develop low energy cure, low VOC compliant coatings. He taught courses on color and application of automotive top coats, cathodic electro-coat and surface treatment. His experience includes coatings for automotive, coil, architectural, industrial and product finishing. Previously, Ron was the Vice President of Industrial Research and Technology, as well as the Global Director of Coil Coating Technology for BASF (Morton International). During his fourteen-year tenure with the company, he developed innovative coil coating commercial products primarily for roofing, residential, commercial and industrial building, as well as industrial and automotive applications. He was awarded fifteen patents for new resin and coating formulas. From 1974 to 1990, Ron held positions with Desoto, Inc. and PPG Industries. He was the winner of two R&amp;D awards for coatings utilizing PVDF resins, developed the first commercial high solids automotive topcoat and was awarded 39 U.S. patents for a variety of novel technologies he developed. He holds a Masters in Physical Organic Chemistry from the University of Pittsburgh and subsequently studied Polymer Science at Carnegie Mellon University. Ron lives in Brighton, Michigan with his family. 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Lewarchik, President and CEO of Chemical Dynamics, LLC, brings 40 years of paint and coatings industry expertise to his role as a contributing author with the Prospector Knowledge Center. As a contributing writer, Ron pens articles on topics relevant to formulators in the coatings industry. He also serves as a consultant for the Prospector materials search engine, advising on issues related to optimization and organization materials within the database. Ron's company, Chemical Dynamics, LLC (www.chemicaldynamics.net), is a full-service paint and coatings firm specializing in consulting and product development based in Plymouth, Michigan. Since 2004, he has provided consulting, product development, contract research, feasibility studies, failure mode analysis and more for a wide range of clients, as well as their suppliers, customers and coaters. He has also served as an Adjunct Research Professor at the Coatings Research Institute of Eastern Michigan University. As such, Ron was awarded a sub-grant from the Department of Energy to develop energy-saving coating technology for architectural applications, as well as grants from private industry to develop low energy cure, low VOC compliant coatings. He taught courses on color and application of automotive top coats, cathodic electro-coat and surface treatment. His experience includes coatings for automotive, coil, architectural, industrial and product finishing. Previously, Ron was the Vice President of Industrial Research and Technology, as well as the Global Director of Coil Coating Technology for BASF (Morton International). During his fourteen-year tenure with the company, he developed innovative coil coating commercial products primarily for roofing, residential, commercial and industrial building, as well as industrial and automotive applications. He was awarded fifteen patents for new resin and coating formulas. From 1974 to 1990, Ron held positions with Desoto, Inc. and PPG Industries. He was the winner of two R&amp;D awards for coatings utilizing PVDF resins, developed the first commercial high solids automotive topcoat and was awarded 39 U.S. patents for a variety of novel technologies he developed. He holds a Masters in Physical Organic Chemistry from the University of Pittsburgh and subsequently studied Polymer Science at Carnegie Mellon University. Ron lives in Brighton, Michigan with his family. 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